IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


vV 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  cf  filming,  L.e  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilmd  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6X6  possible  de  se  n»jcurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Stre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  OKlger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


V 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 


I    ~y'  Pages  damaged/ 

I  M    Pages  endommagdes 


D 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul^e 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  peliicui^es 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Q    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqu^es 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


r~y  Pages  detached/ 
L±J    Pages  d6tach6es 


[^ 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrationj  en  couleur 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  inegale  de  I'impression 


□    Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reiie  avec  d'autres  documents 


n 


Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


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□ 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  lo~«,  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


I      I    Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Seuie  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  6  nouveau  de  facon  it 
obtenir  la  meilieure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

3UX 

/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

■ijis 

du 

difier 

jne 

lage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exempleire  film£  iii<t  reproduit  grdce  it  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


Les  images  suivantes  or.t  6t6  reprrduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  I'exemplaire  fiimd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
othet  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  examplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  film^s  er.  commenqant 
par  ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  paffO  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  ie  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  coiimenpsnt  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  -^>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE"   le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiBm^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  g.4uche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  ncmbre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


rata 
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elure. 


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32X 


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2 

3 

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CAPTAIN   U.  S;  ARMY. 


WHlTNfcY    EDlTtON. 


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THE  "GRIFFON." 

The  First  Vessel  on  the  Upper  Lakes. 
Built  by  LaSalle    1679. 


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ANNALS 


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OF 


Fort  Mackinac 


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DWIGHT     H.    KELT  ON 


CAI'IAIX    L'.    S.    AKMV. 


WHITNEY    EDITION 
18S(>. 


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F. ntcrt'd  according  to  Act  of  Cn-irss,  in  the  year  1886.  by 

nwic.nr  ii.  kklton, 

In  tin.'  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at   Washington. 


9J 


ALL    RICHTS    RESERVED. 


frintei)  uy 
The  Detkhit  Fkee  1'ress  Ci>. 


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GREETING. 


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"VT" 


npilE  increasing  demand  for  the  "Annals"  has  led  the 
-^  author  to  add,  in  this  edition,  many  details  to  the  record 
of  historical  facts;  the  effect  will  be  seen  in  the  "  Histori- 
cal Events,"  in  the  addition  of  many  names  to  the  list  of 
American  Officers,  and  in  the  first  correct  account  ever  puh- 
lished,  of  the  reoccupatlon  of  Fort  Mackinac  in  JS15,  av.d 
of  the  restoration  of  Fort  MaJden^  Arahersthurg  and  Isle 
an.v  Bois  Blanc  to  Great  Briijln. 

AinonjT  others.  I  am  under  ohlia'alioiis  to: 

CoL.   GeoHGK    Iv.    BkAI)V,    V .   S.    A.,   (JaPI.    GllKKrsrLEAF    A. 
GoODALi;,   U.  S.   A.,   LiKUT.    EdWVRD    II.    PrUMMEK,  TJ.  S.   A., 

LiKUT.  VicTou  E.  Stottlkk,  r.  8.  A.,  JoHxV  W.  Davis,  Esq., 
IIoxV.  I>i:noni  Laciianx'e,  IIox.  D.  S.  Durrie,  Col.  P.  Donan, 
David  IIurcnKsoN,  Esq.,  Col.  W.  IL  McCourtie,  Major 
Thomas  Willlvmson,  and  Ma.ior  Frank  I.  Whitney  of 
Chica<»;o,  in  whose  honor  this  edition  i?  named. 


A 


Uncomi'aiigre,  Colorado., 
June,  1R8G. 


V 


Beauteous  TsIg  !  I  sing  of  thee, 

Mackinac,  my  Mackinac; 
Thy  lake-bound  shores  I  love  to  see, 
Mackinac,  my  Mackinac. 
From  Arch  Rock's  height  an.l  shelving  steep 
To  western  cliffs  and  Lover's  Leap, 
Where  memories  of  the  lost  one  sleep, 
Mackinac,  my  Mackinac. 

Thv  northern  shore  trod  Britisli  foe, 

Mackinac,  my  Mackinac: 
That  day  saw  gallant  Holmes  laid  low, 
Mackinac,  my  Mackinac. 
Now  Freedom's  flag  above  thee  waves, 
And  guards  the  rest  of  fallen  braves, 
Their  requiem  sung  by  Huron's  waves, 
Mackinac,  my  Mackinac. 


tM 


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"f-Tir 


CONTENTS 


la 


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Ancient  Micliiliir.akinac,  .... 

Ancient  Names  of  Rivers  and  Lakes,    . 

American  Fur  Company, 

American  Officers, 

Battle  on  Mackinac  Island,  in  1814,    . 

Brittish  Officers 

Capture  of  Fort  Mackinac,  in  1813,     . 

Collectors  of  Customs 

Conspiracy  of  Pontiac, 

County  Clerks 

Distances  from  Mackinaw  City. 

Distances  from  Mackinac  Island, 

Distances  from  St.  Ignace,  .... 

Early  Micliisi^'i,     .         .         .... 

Fort  Mackinac.  ...••• 

French  OtRcers 

Governors  of  Michigan 

Historical  Events,  chronologically  arranged, 

Indian  Agents,  

Legend  of  Arch   Rock,  .... 

Legend  of  the  Giant  Fairies 

Legend  of  Lover's  Leap,         .... 

Legend  of  Mackinac  Island 

Legend  of  Mishini-Makinak, 

Legend  of  Robertson's  Folly 

Light  Houses, 

Mackinac  Island,    Height  above  Straits,  . 
Mackinac  Island,    Summer  Resort  Association, 

National  Park,  

Postmasters,  

Priests 

Probate  Court,  Judges,  .... 

Presidents  of  Village 

Steamboats,  Arrival  of,  .... 

Summer, 

Summer  Residences 

Winter, 


PAOE 

9 
117 
71 
83 
50 
C4 
43 
133 
38 
133 
143 
139 
141 
9.5 
7(; 
(U 
98 
30 
133 
lO.-j 
135 
89 
111 
135 
67 
109 
139 
143 
101 
133 
131 
123 
133 
141 
140 
144 
.   140 


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ANCIENT  MICHILIMAKINAC. 


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The  name  Micliiliinakiiiac,  or,  as  the  Indians  pronounce  it, 
Mishinimahinang^  properly  signifies  '*  The  country  of  the 
MisliinimakiP  (Thus,  Otawanang^  tlie  country  of  the 
Otawa ;  Ot^Jiipwenang^\\\Q,  i:,'OW\\i^\  of  tlie  Ojibwa;  Osagi- 
nang  [Eiijchsli,  Saginaw],  tlie  country  of  tlie  Osaki,  or  oac 
Indians).  And,  in  fact,  the  term  "  Michilimackinac,"  or,  "  tlie 
country  of  Michilimackinac,"  was  by  the  early  French  applied 
to  a  large  portion  of  the  eastern  half  of  the  Upper  Penin- 
sula of  Michigan. 

By  degrees  the  term  was  restricted  to  the  French  and  In- 
dian settlements  on  either  side  of  the  strait,  and  finally  to 
the  Island  of  Mackinac. 

The  French  La  Pointe  de  St.  Ignace  had  likewise  a 
broader  signification  than  the  present  Point  St.  Ignace. 

It  was  applied  to  the  whole  of  the  little  peninsula  whose 
basis  may  be  defined  by  a  line  drawn  due  west  from  the 
mouth  of  Carp  River  to  Lake  Michigan.  Our  map  shows 
only  the  southern  half  of  it. 

EARLIEST   INHABITANTS. 

The  "  Ancient  miners  "  of  upper  Michigan  probably  con- 
nected with  the  "•  Mound  builders-'  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
and  with  the  Toltecs  and  Aztecs,  may  have  had  an  agricul- 
tural out-post  at  St.  Ignace.  The  vestiges  of  a  mound  have 
been  traced  in  the  neighborhood  of  Point  La  Barbe.  No 
tradition,  however,  referring  to  that  people  is  found  among 
our  Indians.     The  earliest  inhabitants  known  to  the  latter 


10 


ANNALS    OF    FORT    MACKINAC. 


were  tlie  2n>^himmakl.  or,  as  they  now  call  them,   ^rishini. 
iiiakiiiago. 

Aceordin-  to  iho  statement  of  a  few  still  surviving  at  the 
time  of  the'lMviich  occupation,  that  tribe  v/as  all  btit  exter- 
minated by  the  [nxjuois,  hi  retaliation  for  a  successful  raid 
uiade  bv  th.'Ui  into  the  country  of  the  latter. 


ANCiKNT    MUIIJI^IMAKINAC. 


11 


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EARLY    FRENCH   VISITORS,    AND     TRANSIENT 

INDIAN  SETTLERS. 

John  Nicolet,  on  Ids  remarkable  journey  fiom  Canada  to 
Green  Bay — al)0ut  lOS-l — was  undouhtedly  the  iirst  white 
man  tliat  saw  tlie  Island  of  Mackinac,  and,  coasting  around 
tlie  little  peninsula,  entered  Lake  Michigan, 

From  the  meagre  account  left  of  his  journey,  nothing  can 
be  gleaned  regarding  the  inhabitants  of  the  Mackinac  conr.try 
at  that  period. 

But  whatever  Indian  population  that  intrepid  traveler  may 
have  met  there,  the  whole  neighborhood  was  deserted  twenty 
years  later,  when  the  ascendancy  gained  by  the  Iro(]uois  in 
consequence  of  their  destructive  onshiught  on  the  Ilurons 
(lG4ii),  had  compelled  all  the  little  Algonquin  clans  on  Lake 
Huron  to  seek  safer  quarters  on  Lake  Superior  and  Green 
Bay.  In  1051,  or  perhaps  the  year  following,  the  small 
tribe  of  Tionontate  Hurons,  on  their  iXiiAit  before  the  Iro- 
quois,  reached  Mackinac,  and  deeming  the  island  a  safe  re- 
treat, held  it  for  about  two  years ;  but  being  deceived  in  their 
expectation,  retreated  to  the  islands  at  the  mouth  of  Green 
Bay,  and  later  on,  to  its  head. 

Soiue  of  the  old  clearings  which  dot  the  wooded  part  of 
Mackinac  Island  may  date  back  to  that  period,  for  the  Tion- 
ontates  were  tillers  of  the  soil.  In  the  autumn  of  1654,  two 
young  Frenchmen,  convoyed  by  Indians,  passed  Mackinac, 
on  their  way  to  Green  Bay.  They  repassed  the  island  in  the 
6umm.er  of  1656,  with  fifty  canoes  laden  with  fur  for  the 
Canada  market,  and  manned  by  five  hundred  Hurons  and 
Algonquins. 

The  next  Frenchman  knovtm  to  have  passed  the  strait  w^as 
Nicolas  Perrot,  to  whose   Memoirs  we  are  indebted   for  a 


}\\ 


'        \.; 


4 


A 


12 


ANNALS    OF    KOKT    MACKINAC 


portion  of  wliiit  we  know  of  those  early  tin'ies.  lie  made 
liis  iirst  journey  to  Green  Bav  about  1C05.  From  that  date 
down  to  the  end  of  tlie  century,  Perrot  was  a  frequent  visi- 
tor at  Ma'jkinuc,  and  on  some  occasions  played  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  transactions  l)etween  his  countrymen  and  the  In- 
dians at  that  post.  At  length  the  IJhick  Gown  arrived. 
Father  Claude  Allouez  was  the  first  of  the  Jesuit  mission- 
aries who  saw  tlie  far-famed  island.  He  had  left  La  Pointe 
da  St.  Jisj)n't  oil  Lake  Sn])erior  i;.  Ihe  summer  of  KKJO,  and 
started  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  November  3rd, with  two  French 
companions  and  some  Pottawatomie  Indians.  From  Novem- 
ber 5th  to  11th,  he  lay  wind  and  snow-bound  on  "Little  St. 
Martin's  Island,''  to  which  he  probably  gave  its  name,  the 
day  of  his  departure  being  St.  Martin's  day.  Crossing  over 
from  ''  Big  St.  Martin's  Island  "  to  the  opposite  shore,  he 
met  two  Frenchmen  and  a  few  Indians,  who  endeavored  in 
vain  to  make  him  desist  from  his  intended  visit  to  Green 
Ixiy,  so  liite  in  the  season. 

While  coasting  along  the  shore,  with  the  island  in  view, 
the  missionary  listened  with  pleasure  to  the  recital,  by  his 
Indian  companions,  of  some  of  the  legends  which  the  author 
of  Hiawatha  has  put  into  English  verse.  Hiawatha  is  the 
Mena-bosho,  or  Nena-bosho,  of  the  Algonquins ;  and  the 
Island  of  Mackinac  was  considered  as  his  birthplace  ;  and 
again,  after  the  flood,  as  the  locality  where  that  civilizer  of 
maid^ind,  observing  a  spider  weaving  its  web,  invented  the 
art  of  fishing  with  gill-nets.  Father  Allouez  reached  the 
head  of  Green  Bay  after  a  month's  journey  full  of  hardship 
and  peril. 


"->'/ 


ANCIENT    MICH  1  LIMA  KIN  AC. 


13 


^.1  * 


THE  MISSION  OF  ST.  IGXATH'S-FATIIEIl  MAK- 
QUKTTK--IIISCIIAPKL. 

In  the  fall  of  107<>,  Father  ('laude  l)al>l«'n.  in  his  capacity 
as  Superior  of  the  Jesuits  on  the  npper  lakes,  selected  the 
j)oint  north  of  the  strait,  then  iirst  called  La  Pohdc  de  St. 
hjnace^  as  the  site  of  a  new  missionary  estahlishinent  in  the 
place  of  the  mission  at  Ln  f*(.inte  da  St  Knprlty  on  Lake 
Superior,  then  on  the  point  of  heinji;  ahandoned.  One  of 
the  fathers,  most  likelv  I)aI)lon  himself,  s])ent  the  winter  on 
the  spot,  in  all  prohahility  within  tlu;  limits  of  the  ])resent 
vilhii^e  of  St.  Ii;'nacc,  and  pur  up  some  provisional  huihlinij^s. 

A  few  Indians  onlv,  wintered  in  the  nei<;hhorho()d,  but  new 
and  permanent  settlers  were  expected  ;  first  of  all  the  wander- 
ing" Tionontate  Iliinjiis.  Leavinij^  Given  I>ay,  ir),")0  or  1G57, 
that  remarkable  clan,  then  consistinuj  of  about  500  st)nls,  ha<l 
reached  the  Lrp})er  ^lississippi,  and  alter  many  adventures 
and  reverses,  linally  settled  on  the  Hay  of  Sliagawaniii:;ong — 
now  Ashland  I>ay,  Wis. — where  Father  Alloucz  met  them 
in  10G5.  Since  the  autumn  of  1GG9,  they  had  been  under 
the  care  of  Father  Manpiette,  who  was  now  (IGTl)  to  accom- 
pany them  back  to  the  Mackinac  country. 

The  party  arrived  at  St.  Ii?'nace  towards  the  end  of  June, 
at  the  earliest,  for  at  the  great  gathering  of  Indians  and 
French  in  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  June  14tli,  they  had  not  yet 
reached  the  Ilapids. 

The  exact  site  of  Father  Marquette's  temporary  chapel 
and  hut  (cabane)  is  not  known.  It  appears,  however,  from 
some  incidental  remarks  in  that  Father's  report  and  in  a  later 
Relation^  that  those  humble  buildings  stood  at  some,  though 
not  a  very  considerable,  distance  from  the  Huron  fort  near 
which  the  second  church    was   built.     On   December    8th, 


IfW  ' 


T 


ASNA..8   Ol-    I.-"K''    MA<^'^"<^<=- 

M„vn»e.tc,  t„  --;;;1':>"J,      ;,  's,  l,n-e,  ..ul  .tuHocl  May 
,.erod  3S0  sonU.  ,,,,,  Utc'ly  joinoa  then. 


^^  .,  ',   ^t.v    the  Tionontates 

,,,,„  t„  buiia  tlu'l.-  f"rt  '•'■  ,1^-     i  ,,„  ,„Ul,Ue   of  the  level 
LaU.,nt.n's  plan,  it,  -■"'I'-l      ;'    \,    .      a,„,  there  it  re- 

,„,,„„,,   surroundi,.,   l^r'   ^    ^    ,  to    Detroit,  al.oat  170-2 
•;,ained  until  ti..n.u-.-<'';,,^,^ 

Soo,>  after  M-''!"-"- '.      "         ,1,1  site,  Indlt  a  «.d.^tant,al 
l>Uili,.  1-ier.un,  ■'l'^'-''''"'":     ",.„;,■,,,.  residence,   protected, 
„o„sl,  .mall,  cl."rcl>  a,H     ,>^ad^.     .^^^^^  ^_^^,^^  ^,,„.     I 

^'f'--  *""  r   r F  t le    >       -tto's  le,uains  .ore  interred, 

tliisnew  cluivcli  i'atlRi  i 

,June  ytli,  ICTT.  , ,   ,     ,.  ik  nosition.     The  Jesuits'  re- 

There  ean  be  no  donbt  ^"^^^^  ,,  the  Huron  fort, 
port  of  IGTS  places  ,t  -  ^o-  ^  ;,„„,  it  south  of  the 

rr.S;;"-'>^'^--'^  -^  is  omy  separated 
'■^irSi^tdilaiy  regained  nntilits  destruction 

by  lire,  about  170G. 


I 


ANCIKNT   MICH  ILIM  AKIN  AC. 


15 


i 


ALGOXQTHX  YILLACJE  AND  CIIUKCII. 

Soon  after  Manniettc's  departure,  several  clans  of  C  tawas 
and  kindred  tribes — all  eoniprised  ])y  the  missionaries  under 
the  name  of  AlgoiKjuins — made  their  ajipearanee  and  settled 
on  the  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  a  little  over  two  miles  from  the 
Jesuits*  residence,  accordin^•ly  near  the  hlull'  called  by  the 
Indians  the ''She  Ptabbit,''  soul;h  of  the  '"He  Tiabl/it,''  or 
"  Sittini!^  Jiabbit ''  f  Rabbit's  liack).  Here  too  a  cluu'ih,  and  a 
dwelling  house  for  the  Otawii  missionary,  were  built.  Ac- 
cording to  Hennepin,  who  oiliciated  in  it,  it  was  covered  with 
bark.  In  IGTO,  LaSalle  honored  it  with  his  visit.  Of  its 
later  history  nothing  is  known.  Ijesides  a  floating  popula- 
tion, sometimes  not  inconsiderable,  the  "Algonriuin  village" 
contained,  in  J  077,  as  many  as  1300  souls,  the  principal  elan 
beinir  that  of  the  Kishkako. 


10 


ANNAI.ti 


,„,    i,,,ur   MACKINAC. 


Uai..utan.  ^vUo  v.-tcd  S  .    „  •  ^         „^„^,   ,,„t  places  an 
i,,Ue,.t  about  that  '^^^"'tTj:AA>^M.ooA,,(t\..lVnvon., 
(),...va  villa,,  in  tUe  .;";-^-'^,' ^^  ,",„,  tln.o  that  .In,  ug  In. 
on  Kast  Moran  liay.  -'-  l^,;  ,.,  ^    „,,,o   tronblc   wt  >   tl..',r 

Uurcn,  friends,  l«f'' •'' I:,"'.    >        j,,,t  the  Al-onqu,n.,  o, 
,,,„,,.     l^'on.tl.i.^;;--;;;      W  ,,      „^,  ,,f  u,o  n.,rtUwc..ern 
0„,a.-a  "^"-\ "■^•'.  ,     ''     '  Vast  f.w  years,  moved  ab.M 
Algon,inius-l.ad,  -"1'       j  ;,.    ,„,ence  of  an  Indian  popula- 

tionon  .1..  ^"';;^^''r"     ^vel    V  U,c  nnu.eron»  articles  ot 
called  ••  r;</./W-,     X;i;io„,l,eduptl.creby  some 

I->'an  and  1--"  '  ";"'"!,CUl  tnuliti-m  aWo  l-l^ees  afort 
of  the  I'l-eseut  settle.  •. 
„n  that  lii;-d>t. 


I 


ANCIENT    MICH  n, IMA  KINAC. 


17 


THE  OTAWA  VILLAGE  AT  GKOS  CAP. 

Ill  1077,  or  shortly  hcfuro,  anotlicr  body  of  Alir^nqnins — 
Otiiwas  projHM'ly  so  callt'd — eainc  to  swell  the  Iiuiiaii  pojMilu- 
tion  of  St.    li;nace. 

They  settled,  it  appears,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  ]\Ii('hii::an, 
between  l*oiiit  La  Darhe  and  Gros  Cap.  This  assumption 
seems  necessary  to  reconcile  the  statements,  in  the  Jesuits' 
report  of  107S,  rei^ardini;  the  respective  distances  between 
their  residence  (near  the  Huron  villai^e)  and  the  two  Indian 
settlements,  the  Ali^^oiupiin  villai:;e  and  the  ''New  Otawa 
village."  The  existence  of  a  larijce  Otawa  settlement  near 
Gros  Cap,  in  lODO,  is  certain  from  the  account  <jjiven  by  the 
Missionary  Ihiissoii  de  St.  Come  of  his  journey  from  Macki- 
nac to  the  Lower  ^lississippi.  The  party,  of  which  the 
noble  Tonty  was  one,  sent  their  canoes  around  the  pond  to 
the  Otawa  villaufc,  and  walked  themselves  across  tlie  "  port- 
airc."     The  villatje  counted  then  about  1500  souls. 

In  1702,  these  Otawas  followed  Cadillac,  with  tiie  bulk  of 
the  Indian  ])()pulation  of  St.  Ignace,  to  his  new  establish- 
ment on  the  Detroit  river,  but  soon  returned  to  their  old 
quarters,  and  finally  went  over  to  the  northwestern  shore  of 
Lower  Micliiijan,  where  their  descendants  are  still  liviniz;.  It 
was  during  their  second  stay  o?5  West  Moran  Bay  that  the 
famous  trader  who  left  his  name  to  it  lived  among  tliem. 
The  remains  of  their  dead,  together  with  wampum,  glass 
beads  and  other  articles  of  Indian  and  French  manufacture, 
are  frequently  found  in  the  sandy  ground  at  the  head  of  tlic 
little  Bay. 


'  h 


18 


ANNALS   Of 


,   FOKT   MACKINAC. 


,,    PP...C.S  BOUCUA'S  CIIAm. 


ST.  FR^^--       '  ,ettlomcnts-the 

For  the   acco.n.noa.tion   of       ;     ;^„,   ,„,   „ew  OU«-a 

i„  ,  ^vigwatu  "<^'3.".'  ""=j,.„,„  ^oth  villages.    AVc 
Francis  13orgia. 


The  (surmised) 


bit  Bnttcs 


must  have  ma 


.de 


as  it  was  no  lon^ 
settlements. 


the  positl 
Zn^  on  the  thoroui 


of  the  chapel  isolated 
between  the  tw' 


on 
'hfare 


THE  FKEHCH  VILLAGE. 

The  presence  Of  ^''^ij^S^.i.?:  burial.  Aecord" 
,.„ea  ttUe  cession  ;^  J^^^^  ^^^'^^^:^ 
incr  to  the  report  oi  tnt.  „uovnitelY  iii  I^a^^"'  J-iaion  a 

mg  to  f      Tp-natius  was  alteinaiei.y  increase 


ANCIENT    MICIIILIMAKINAC. 


10 


the  West,  for  notliiii<^  less  tluiii  tluit  the  village  of  St.  Ignace 
was,  and  remained,  until  supplanted  by  Detroit.  Hennepin, 
■who  wintered  at  the  post  (lOSO-1),  mentions  his  enrolling 
forty-two  traders  into  a  religions  confratLM'nity.  Lallontan 
locates  the  houses  of  the  rrench  settlers  in  two  or  three  rows 
along  the  bend  of  the  shore,  south  of  the  Jesuits'  residence. 
As  a  matter  of  course,  the  whole  French  population,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  lawhiss  coureurs  de  bois,  disappeared 
with  the  removal  of  the  Indians  to  Detroit. 


•d- 
at 
ind 
aso 
ion 
of 


20 


ANNALS   OF    FUiiT   MAGKIJMAO. 


HISTORICAL   EVENTS, 


CHRONOLOGICALLY  ARRANGED. 


1534.  James  Cartier,  a  Frenchman,  discovered  the  St. 
Liiwrence  Iliver. 

IGDS.     Samuel  de  Champlain  founded  Quebec. 

1G34.  Jolin  Nicolet  passes  the  straits  on  his  way  to  and 
from  Green  Bay. 

1G42.     The  city  of  Montreal  founded. 

1650-51.  The  Indian  settlers  of  the  neighborhood  to- 
gether with  large  numbers  from  Manitonlin,  Thunder  Bay 
and  Saginaw,  mostly  Otawas,  intimidated  by  Iroquois  prowess 
retire  to  Green  Bay. 

1053.  Eight  hundred  Iroquois  warriors  pass  the  strait. 
Failing  to  take  the  Huron  fort  on  Green  Bay  after  a  pro- 
tracted siege,  they  break  np,  one  division  marching  south,  the 
other  sailing  northward.  The  former  are  cnt  down  by  the 
Illinois,  the  latter  routed  l)y  the  Ojibwa,  Missisaki  and  Nigik 
(Otter)  Indians,  on  Lake  Huron. 

l()5-i.  Two  French  traders  pacs  St.  Ignace,  on  their  way 
to  Green  Ijay,  they  return  in  105G  with  a  large  trading  party 
60  canoes)  of  Ilurons  and  Otawas. 

1665,  or  earlier.  Nicolas  Perrot  passes  on  his  first  visit  to 
the  Pottawatomi,  on  Green  Bav. 

1669.  November  11th,  Father  Allouez  passed  Point  St. 
Ignace,  on  his  journey  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie  to  Green  Bay  : 
he  relates  the  following  Indian  tradition  : 

They  say  that  this  island  is  the  native  country  of  one  of  their  gods,  called 
"The  Great  Hare,"  who  created  the  earth,  and  that  it  was  on  tliis 
Island  that  he  invented  the  nets  for  taking  fish,  after  having  attentively 


HISTOKICAL    EVKNTS. 


21 


considered  a  spider  while  constructing  its  web  for  catching  flics.  They 
believe  that  Lake  Superior  is  a  pond  made  by  the  beavers,  the  banks  of 
wliieh  were  double  ;  the  first,  at  the  place  which  we  call  the  Sault,  the 
second,  five  leagues  lower  down.  In  coming  up  the  river,  they  say,  this 
same  god  first  encountered  the  second  embankment,  which  he  tore  entirel)'' 
away  ;  and  for  this  reason  there  are  no  falls  or  turbulent  waters  at  these 
rapids  :  as  for  the  first,  being  in  a  hurry,  he  only  walked  over  it  and 
trampled  it  to  pieces,  in  consequence  of  which  there  still  remain  large 
falls  and  boiling  waters. 

This  god,  they  add,  while  pursuing  a  beaver  in  the  upper  lake,  crossed 
at  a  single  step,  a  bay  eight  leagues  in  width.  In  view  of  so  powerful  an 
enemy,  the  beavers  thought  it  best  to  change  their  place  and  consequently 
withdrew  to  another  lake;  from  thence  they  afterward,  by  aid  of  the  rivers 
that  flow  from  it,  arrivetl  at  the  North  Sea,  intending  to  pass  over  to 
France;  but  finding  the  water  bitter  (salt),  they  lost  heart,  changed  their 
intentions,  and  spread  themselves  among  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  this 
country. 

This  is  the  reason  why  there  are  no  beavers  in  France,  and  why  the 
French  have  to  come  here  in  search  of  them. 

1070-71.  rather  Dablon,  or  anotlicr  Jcsnit  (possibly 
Marquette),  winters  at  Micliiliniaclviiiac,  laying  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Mission  of  St.  Ignatius. 

1071.  End  of  June,  or  later.  Tlie  Tionontate  Hurons, 
with  Father  Marquette,  arrive  from  Shagawaniigong  (Ash- 
land Bay,  L.  S.) 

Antiunn.  The  Otawas  of  Manitotilin,  on  the  war-path 
against  the  Sioux,  arrive  with  a  large  supply  of  arms 
and  ammunition  lately  obtained  in  Montreal.  Joined  by 
the  Ilurons  of  the  new  settlement,  and— on  Green  Bav — 
by  the  Pottawatomies,  Sacs  and  Foxes,  they  uuirch  through 
northern  Wisconsin — a  well-armed  body  of  a  thousand  war- 
riors— and  confidently  attack  the  Sioux  in  the  St.  Croix 
Yalley.  Utterly  defeated,  they  retreat  through  the  snow- 
covered  woods,  amidst  sufferings  and  privations  that  lead  to 
acts  of  cannibalism.  The  lieavy  loss  sustained  by  the 
Hurons,  who  bravely  covered  the  rear,  accounts  for  the 
diminished  numbers  of  the  tribe,  as  stated  by  Marquette. 


I  I 


(  1 


w 


22 


.MS   OF    FORT    MACKINAC. 
ANNALS   OJ? 


,    ., ,  rt,eir  fortified  village  on  East 

•p-o     May  1^^"'  ^^^^  ^  ^-f  aiscovcry. 

^^"'°  ii„  lvi*Ul;akos,  comiiig  110"        -pj,„r  Henry 

quiuB,  r""e'Pf' y  I^';^^  „,„  Babbit's  Back.     ?f  ^^^^^  /{ 
ti,e  opposite  shore  settle  ^.^^.„„^^  *'h'  ,Srons. 

tins  and  tl.e  Jesvut.  i.sk  ^^^ 

(the  first  on  tlit         ,„      gi.-.  Clan.  ,   ntiwas 

Uuuters  of  the  ^'^^fJ^'-^'lU,.  large  body  of   Otawas 
ICTC,  or  tl-ereabont,.     A  ^^^^^  ^^.^,„g,„. 

,„-iveand  settle  »«''y,f^''t.^,t;uo  Indians,  aecompamed  by 
1C77.     J»»e  7tl.,  Tl.e  ^'^^^  Marquette's  remains  to 
.  i,erof  l-^t^y  :- ^  tS,  on  U.e  following  day, 
ct    I'macc,  wlicre  they  aio 

'^*^^  f «  ^li:S-  -ves  to  .«s>st  Father  ^uvel 

October,     i'atuei  x.  j  ^        ., 

i„  the  Ota^va  Mission.  ,       ^  ,i  St.  Fraiics 

le-T-lS.    Tather  I^ouvel  bud  s  th^     J    ^^^  q^.„,  Cap. 

Borgil  in  the  .oods  ^-^  ^^1  there.     The  French 


UISTORTCAL   EVKNT8. 


23 


4 


\ 


LASALLE,  IIENNEPm  AND   HENRY   DE   TONTY 

AEPJYE   AT  MICHILIMACKINAC,  ON 

THE  '^ GRIFFON." 

1679.  LaSalle,  on  his  first  expedition  to  Illinois,  arrives 
and  spends  some  days  at  the  settlement. 

The  most  remarkable  character  among  the  explorers 
of  the  Mississippi  Yalley,  in  the  latter  half  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  was  Robert  Cavelier  de  LaSalle.  Viewed 
in  the  light  and  sense  of  worldly  enterprise,  he  is  to  be  con- 
sidered as  surpassing  all  others  in  lofty  and  comprehensive 
aims,  in  determined  energy  and  unyielding  courage,  both 
moral  and  physical.  lie  faltered  at  no  laborious  undertak- 
ing; no  distrust  by  nerveless  friends,  no  jealous  envy  or 
schemes  of  active  enemies,  no  misfortune  damped  the  ardor 
of  his  plans  and  movements.  If  there  was  a  mountain  in 
liis  track,  he  could  scale  it ;  if  a  Hon  beset  his  path,  he  could 
crush  it.  Nothing  but  tlie  hand  of  the  lurking  assassin 
could  quench  the  f.re  of  that  brave  heart.  AYe  may  briefly 
say,  that  LaSalle  was  born  in  the  city  of  Rouen,  France, 
November  22,  1643.  The  name  LaSalle  was  borrowed  from 
an  estate,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rouen,  belonging  to  nis 
family,  the  Caveliers.  Robert  was  educated  at  one  of  the 
Jesuit  seminaries,  and  as  one  of  that  order  he  continued  a 
short  time;  but  in  1666,  he  came  to  America,  and  it  is  said 
that  lie  made  early  exploration  to  the  Ohio,  and  was  possibly 
near  the  Mississippi  before  Joliet  and  Marquette's  voyage 
hither.  We  can  here  only  allude  to  a  few  items  and  facts  in 
LaSalle's  career.  It  was  a  marked  incident,  and  so  appears 
on  the  historic  page,  when  LaSalle,  in  1679,  voyaged  to 
Green  Bay  on  the  "  Griffon,"  the  first  sail  vessel  of  the  lakes 
above  the  Falls,  and  which  he  had  built  on  the  bank  of 


V   i 


1 


i  I 


( I 


k 


24 


ANNALS   OF   FORT   MACKINAC. 


i 


fi'P 


Ciiynga  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Niagara.  But  that  biisi- 
uess  trip  was  a  mere  pleasure  excursion  wlien  com2)ared  with 
tlie  eil'orts  required  of  lilm  to  engineer  and  bring  about  cer- 
tain indispensable  preparations,  involving  ways  and  means, 
before  the  keel  of  that  renowned  craft  should  be  laid,  and 
before  she  spread  her  wings  to  the  breeze  and  departed  out- 
ward from  Ihilfalo  Harbor  of  the  .future.  And  what  an 
unhesitating  morning-walk  was  that  of  his,  in  1680,  when 
he  set  out  on  foot  from  the  Fort  which  (not  him)  they  termed 
Ilrol'eii  llciU't^  where  Peoria  now  is,  to  go,  some  t'velve 
hundred  miles  perhaps,  to  Fort  Frontenac,  where  Kingston 
now  is,  at  the  lower  end  of  Lake  Ontario.  Tlis  unyield- 
ing ])urpose  M'as  not  to  be  delayed,  but  accelerated,  by 
the  avalanche  of  misfortune  which  liad  fallen  on  him. 
lie  could  not  wait  for  railroads,  nor  turnpikes,  nor  civil- 
ization :  he  could  not  even  wait  for  a  caiUDo  navigation, 
for  it  was  early  spring — in  the  month  of  March — when 
the  ice  still  lingered  by  the  lake  shores,  and  was  running 
thickly  in  the  streams.  So,  with  one  Indian  and  four 
white  men,  with  a  small  supjily  of  edibles,  yet  with  a 
large  stock  of  resolution,  he  took  his  way.  The  journey 
was  accomplished,  and  he  was  back  on  Lake  Michigan 
in  the  autunm  ensuini>:.  It  has  been  suirixested  that  his 
OWL  enduriuir,  iron  nature,  as  it  mioht  be  called — unbendine: 
as  it  was  in  its  requirements  of  others — served,  perhaps,  to 
create  enmities  and  to  occasion  the  final  catastrophe.  It 
may  have  been  so ;  l)ut  whatever  view  nuiy  be  taken,  the 
(Joiugs  of  LaSalle  must  be  called  wonderful,  his  misfortunes 
numberless,  ami  his  death  sad.  The  day  on  which  LaSalle 
was  killed  is  said  to  have  been  March  19,  1687. 


A 


tj 
tj 
oj 
vl 


sa 


i 


HISTORICAL   KVENT3. 


25 


IIENKY  DE  TONTY. 

There  is  mncli  of  I'oniaiitic  interest  in  tlie  life  of  Ilenrv 
tie  Tonty  which  will  ever  attract  attention  to  the  story  of 
his  experience  in  the  wilds  of  America.  He  was  born  in 
Nai)les,  Italy,  in  or  near  the  year  1G50.  In  a  memoir,  said 
to  be  written  by  him  in  1093,  he  says:  "After  havini^  been 
eii^ht  years  in  the  French  service,  by  laud  and  by  sea,  and 
having  had  a  hand  shot  off  in  Sicily  by  a  grenade,  I  resolved 
to  return  to  France  to  solicit  em])loyment."  It  was  at  the 
time  when  LaSalle  had  returned  from  America,  and  was 
getting  recruits  and  means  for  his  Western  enterj)rise.  The 
prime  minister  of  Louis  XIY.,  he  that  was  called  the  great 
Colbert,  knowing  the  soldier  Tonty  well,  specially  provided 
that  the  important  project  to  be  undertaken  by  LaSalle  should 
have  the  benefit  of  the  personal  aid  of  Tonty.  who,  though 
maimed  and  single-handed,  was  yet  ready  to  go  forth  to  dai-e 
and  to  do.  Tonty  savs:  "AVe  sailed  from  Ilochelle  on  the 
J-tth  of  July,  1GT8,  and  arrived  at  Quebec  on  the  15th  of 
September  following."  We  can  not,  of  course,  attempt  to 
follow  the  brave  and  capable  lieutenant  of  LaSalle  in  his 
various  movements,  even  if  we  had  a  knowledge  of  them  ; 
yet  we  may  say,  that  if  a  trustful  agent  or  manager  was 
needed  for  any  adventure  by  LaSalle,  Tonty  was  the  man  to 
till  the  requirement.  If  a  fort  was  wanted,  he  was  the 
architect  and  overseer  to  construct  it;  if  a  peaceable  envoy  to 
the  Indians  was  required,  he  was  the  gifted  embassador;  if  a 
tribe  needed  chastisement  in  battle,  he  was  the  able  captain 
of  the  forces.  We  need  not  cite  examples.  Tonty  was  pro- 
vided with  some  sort  of  a  metallic  arrangement  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  loss  of  part  of  an  arm ;  and  he  was  known,  it  is 
said,  far  and  near,  among  the  tribes  of  red  men,  as  "Le  Bras 


!     . 


I; 


2G 


ANNALS   OF    FOKT    MACKINAC. 


do  Fer,"  or,  I'/lo  man  with  the  iron  arm.  If  wc  riglitly 
renHMiiher,  more  than  one  tale  luis  been  constructed  by  novel' 
\vr/  .1-8,  with  its  scenes  laid  in  the  Far  West,  presenting,'  Tonty 
as  the  })rincipal  character.  In  long  time  past,  an  ishmd  at 
tlie  knver  end  of  Lake  Ontario  was  known  as,  and  called,  the 
Me  of  Tonty,  being  named  after  our  hero — the  man  witli 
the  iron  arm  ;  but  the  name  was  afterward  changed  to  that 
of  Amherst.  Whatever  the  deserts  of  the  titled  General 
JelTrey  Amherst  may  have  been,  Henry  do  Tonty  was  the 
greater  man  of  the  two.  Tonty  died  at  Fort  St.  Louis,  on 
Mobile  Bay,  in  the  year  ITOi. 


LOUIS  IIENNEPm. 

Louis  ITenne})in,  a  Recollect  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis, 
was  born  at  Ath,  France,  in  1G45.  He  sailed  for  Canada 
in  1075,  on  the  ''Saint  Ilonorc,"  LaSalle  was,  also  a  pas- 
senger on  the  same  vessel. 

Hennepin  left  (Quebec  in  1678,  and  sot  out  with  LaSalle  to 
ex})l()re  the  country  lying  south  and  west  of  Lake  Michigan. 

On  Cayuga  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Niagara  liiver,  into 
which  it  empties  from  the  American  side,  five  miles  above 
tlie  Falls,  LaSalle  built  the  ''  Grilfon,"  upon  which  they 
embarked,  setting  sail  August  7th,  arriving  atMichilimackinac 
August  27th,  1079. 

From  his  minute  description  of  the  bay,  the  shore,  etc.,  the 
Rev.  Edward  Jacker  says:  The  Bay  where  the  "Griffon" 
anchored  is  that  wdiich  is  overlooked  by  two  steep  and  rocky 
bluffs  famous  in  Indian  tradition,  and  called  by  the  Indians 
"  He  "  and  "  She  "  Rabbit.  The  former  is  known  as  "  Rab- 
bit's Back."     The  Kiskakon  Otawas  were  there  in  1677. 

1079.  They  arrived  at  Green  Bay  September  22d,  and 
from  there  LaSalle  sent  the  "  Griffon  "  back,  and  it  is  sup- 


---^JIW. . 


.if 


f: 


b'^ 


North  Sally.Port. 


•i' 


■HI 


28 


ANNALS   OF    FORT   MACKINAC 


posed  to  have  been  wrecked  olT  tlie  entrance  to  Green  I*ay, 
as  a  severe  storm  arose,  and  it  did  not  reach  Micliilinackinac. 

After  varions  niisliaps  Jlennc[)in  readied  tlie  Mississippi, 
wliich  lie  ascended  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  in  the  spriiii,' 
of  KISO. 

lOSO.  Dnlutii  and  Hennepin  arrive  from  the  Upper  Mis- 
sissi[)pi,  by  way  of  Green  Bay.     They  winter  at  St.  J<i:nace. 

1(181.  LaSalle  passes  St.  I^niace  on  his  second  jonrney  to 
Illinois.  j\I.  De  V'illeraye  is  aj 'pointed  commandant  by 
Frontenac  about  this  time. 

1()83.  The  fur  trade  declines  in  conseqnence  of  the 
dani!:er  of  transportntion,  occasioned  by  Iroquois  hostility. 
Hence  distress  among  the  traders,  and  dissatisfaction  among 
the  Indians, 

108-1.  IMons.  De  La  Durantaye  in  command  at  ]\licliili- 
mackiiuic.  The  French  and  Indian  forces  commanded  bv 
De  La  Durantaye,  with  Dulutli  as  lieutenant,  and  Perrot  as 
"  manager"  of  the  Otawas,  set  ont  to  join  in  De  La  Barre's 
inglorious  expedition  tigainst  the  Iroquois. 

The  Indian  estimation  of  French  power  and  valor  is  on  the 
wane.  During  De  La  Durantaye's  absence.  M.  De  La  Val- 
trie  acts  as  commandant. 

1085.  All  the  French  in  the  Upper  Lake  region  arc  ])laced 
under  the  authority  of  the  commandant  of  IMichilimackinac 
(M.  De  La  Durantaye).  This  measure  I'cmaining  in  force 
until  the  abandonment  of  the  post.  Michilimackinac,  already 
the  commercial  emporium  of  the  Xorthwest,  becomes  also  its 
military  centre. 

Nicolas  Perrot  arrives  with  orders  from  the  governor,  pro- 
hibiting the  Otawas  to  march  against  the  Foxes  on  Green 
Bay.  lie  succeeds  in  restoring  peace  between  the  two  tribes 
through  the  intermediation  of  an  O jibwa  chief,  whose  daugh- 
ter (a  captive  among  the  Foxes)  he  saves  from  the  stake  and 
restores  to  her  father. 


T 


IIISTOKICAI.    KVI:NT8. 


20 


1 

i 


u 


KISO.  DijiSiitisfactioTi  amoni'  tlic  Indians.  Most  of  tlio 
clans  are  leaninjjj  towards  the  Iroquois  and  tlu;  Knijflisli,  as  tlie 
stronger  party  and  better  ai)lo  to  supply  their  wants.  Tlie 
En<^lisli  endeavor  to  brinu^  al)Out  a  rupture  by  forwardiuir 
supplies  and  licpior  to  ^liciiiliniackinac. 

1()S7.  De  La  Durantaye  sets  out  with  the  Freneh  force  to 
take  part  in  Denonville's  expedition  a_i:;ainst  the  Seneens.  He 
arrests,  in  tlie  neij^'hboriiood  of  the  setfleinent,  thirty  English 
traders,  and  as  niaiiv  more  on  Lake  Erie.  The  tiinelv  arrival 
of  Perrot  with  tiie  (ri'een  l>ay  Indians  obviates  the  necessity 
of  the  coinnuindant  returnini;'  with  the  )))'isoners,  too  numer- 
ous for  his  safety,  in  a  hostile  neiii'hborhood.  He  proceeds 
to  Niagara,  where  the  Otawas  aiul  Hurons,  marchin<j^  over- 
land from  J^ake  Huron,  join  him  ;  they  take  part  in  a  victori- 
ous attack  oil  SCO  L'orpiois  (July).  The  capture  of  those 
Eiif^lish  parties  ])ro!)ably  prevented  the  massacre  of  the 
French  in  Michilimackinac,  by  the  Hurons  and  Otawas. 

1088.  May.  Lallontan  arrives  with  a  small  force  (from 
a  fort  near  the  outlet  of  Lake  Huron),  and  spends  a  month  in 
the  settlement.  He  obtains  with  ditliculty  a  supply  of  corn. 
The  Otawas.  distrusting  the  Hurons,  fortify  themselves  on 
the  Bluff,  north  of  East  Moran  Bay.  Joutel,  Cavelier,  and 
other  survivors  of  LaSalle's  expedition  to  Texas  (having 
wintered  on  (Ireen  Bay)  pass  the  settlement  on  their  way  to 
Quebec  and  France.  Kondiaronk,  or  Le  Hat,  the  great 
Huron  chief,  departs  at  the  head  of  one  hundred  men  against 
the  Irocjuois,  but  plots  with  them  the  destruction  of  the  Ota- 
was by  stratagem.  The  plot  proves  abortive,  in  consequence 
of  Perrot  and  the  missionaries  gaining  Icnowledge  of  it ; 
Le  liat  confesses  his  s^uilt.  Perrot,  returning  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi  with  three  female  Ojibwa  prisoners  delivered  to  l^im 
by  the  Foxes,  snatches  five  L-oquois  warriors  from  the  stakc^ 
to  which  they  ¥  ere  condemned  by  the  Otawas,  in  spite  of  the 
commandant's  and  the  missionaries'  remonstrances. 


.[1 


,;  ; 


!l 


1 


80 


ANNAL8    OF    H)UT    MACKINAC. 


1089-00.  The  ()t:i\vas,  at  tlio  iiistiu^atiun  of  tlit;  Jlurona^ 
rcsiimo  tlioir  project  oi"  cllectiiii!;  a  jvcoueiliatioii  \vitli  tlie 
Jro(|nois.  Tliey  hciid  l)a<'k  to  tlic  Sciiocas  the  prisoners  taken 
from  then),  and  make  arraiiujemonts  for  a  meetiiiij^  in  the  fol- 
lowiiiu;  year.  Father  JJe  Caihcil,  heiiiijj  informed  of  their 
phin,  warns  the  <:;()Veni(tr  l»y  a  messenj^er  sent  in  tlie  \vint(.'r. 
Frontenac  prepai'es  a  hii'U!;(!  convoy  to  reinforc^e  Michiilm.u  k- 
inac. 

](l!)0.  Spring.  Th(!  Otawas  take  steps  towards  an  alli- 
ance witli  the  Iro(|uois,  and — as  a  token  of  g(jod  will — medi- 
tate tiie  massacre  of  the  French  traders. 

Knd  of  .)nne  or  beginning  of  dnly.  The  post  is  saved  by 
tl»e  arrival  of  M.  De  l^a  I'orte  Lonvigny  (who  relieved  Dii- 
rantaye  as  eommandant),  with  Perrot,  and  with  an  Irotpiois 
])risoner,  the  evideiici^  of  a  victoiy  gainccl  on  the  Otawa 
liiver  over  a  waylaying  pai'ty(.Inne  2(1).  The  prisoner  is 
given,  for  exeentioii,  to  tiie  vacillating  Ilurons,  who,  dreading 
a  final  breach  with  the  Iroquois,  are  disj)osed  to  si)ai"e  liim; 
but  yielding  to  the  ccnnmandant's  peremptory  order,  brain 
him  after  a  short  torture. 

Pei'rot,  boldly  haranguing  the  chiefs,  assend)led  at  the 
Jesuits'  residence,  rej)roaches  them  M-ith  their  treachery,  and 
endeavors  to  show  them  the  folly  of  doubting  the  power 
of  the  French.     They  ])romise  to  amend. 

1091.  l)e  Courteniancho  and  De  Ilepentigny  arrive  witli 
the  news  of  the  French  victory  over  the  English  fleet  before 
(Quebec. 

1092.  Otawa  and  Huron  warriors  co-operate  in  driving 
the  Iroquois  from  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  in  the  invasion  of 
their  territory  by  detached  parties. 

August.  Two  hundred  Otawas  from  Michilimackinac 
arrive  at  Montreal  in  quest  of  munition. 

1693.  A  great  amount  of  fur  is  waiting  transportation  : 
on  account  of  the  Iroquois  infesting  the  Otawa,  the  Indians 


t 


t 


i 


■ 


IirSTOUK'AT-    KVKNTS. 


South  Sally-Port. 


81 


'<;? 


32 


ANNALS    OF   FOET    MACKINAC. 


will  not  venture  the  journey  without  a  sufficient  escort. 
Frontenac  beiiifi^  informed,  despatches  the  Sicur  d'Argenteuil 
with  orders  for  tlie  commandant  to  send  all  the  French  he 
can  spare  down  with  the  convoy. 

August  4th.  Two  hundred  canoes  from  Michilimackinac, 
freighted  with  80,000  francs  w-orth  of  beaver,  arrive  at 
Montreal,  together  with  the  principal  chiefs  of  the  western 
tribes.  A  great  council  is  held,  and  the  Indians  return 
charmed  with  the  governor's  manner,  and  laden  with 
presents. 

1604.  July.  I)e  Louvigny  leaves  for  the  colony  with  a 
great  convoy  of  furs. 

The  Ilurons  contemplating  a  removal,  are  again  suspected 
of  treacherous  intentions.  Opposed  in  their  purpose  by  the 
commandant  and  the  Otawas,  one  half  of  the  tribe  consent 
to  stay;  the  other  half  go  to  live  with  the  Miamis  on  the 
St.  Josej)!!  lliver.  {M.  Tilly  De  Courtemanche  commandant 
there,  since  1003.) 

De  La  Porte  Louvigny  is  superseded  by  Do  La  Motte 
Cadillac,  the  last  commandant  of  "  Ancient  Michilimackinac." 
(Louvigny  becomes  afterwards  [1T12]  iirst  commandant  of 
Kew  Michilimackinac,  commonly  called  "Old  Mackinac.'") 

1G95.  (Jadillac  advises  the  governor  of  the  necessity  of  a 
grand  expedition  against  the  Iroquois  in  order  to  prevent 
the  defectiDU  of  the  western  tribes.  Frontenac  contents 
himself  with  harassing  the  enemy,  in  which  he  is  aided  by 
Michilimackinac  Indians,  who  return  with  a  great  number 
of  prisoners. 

At  a  great  meeting  of  western  chiefs  in  Montreal,  Fron- 
tenac empLcitically  gives  them  to  understand  that  they  nuist 
look  upon  every  French  otHcer,  residing  among  them,  as  sub- 
ject to  the  orders  of  the  one  in  command  at  Michilimackinac. 

The  officers  in  command  at  the  several  posts,  at  that 
period,  are:  Tilly  De  Courtemanche,  D' Aillebonst  De  Mantet, 


HISTOKICAL    EVENTS. 


33 


^ 


D'Ailleboust  D'Argenteuil,  Dc  Lisle,  Vinconnes,  La  De- 
couverte,  and  l-'errot. 

Le  Baron,  a  Huron  chief,  concliules  a  treaty  with  tlie 
Iroquois.  Cadilhic  witli  difficulty  succeeds  in  suspending 
its  execution.  An  Indian  deputation  goes  to  Montreal  to 
insist  (as  advised  by  the  commandant)  on  a  reduction  in  the 
prices  of  goods.     Frontenac  j)artly  satisfies  them. 

The  French  court  unable  to  cope  with  the  evils  springing 
from  the  system  of  trading  licenses,  ineffectually  orders  the 
evacuation  of  the  post  and  the  return  into  the  colony  of  all 
soldiers  and  traders  {goupcups  de  hois),  in  the  West. 

1G()6.  The  Ilurons  and  some  Otawas  arc  alreadv  huntino; 
with  the  Iroquois. 

Cadillac  dispatches  a  war  party,  consisting  chieiiy  of 
Pottawai'jmies  and  Algonquins.  The  Iroquois,  though  warned 
by  the  Ilurons,  lose  thirty  scalps,  and  thirty-two  prisoners, 
wiio  are  brought  to  Michilimackinac.  ?^ome  Ilurons  found 
among  them  are  restored  to  their  tribe. 

In  consequence  of  the  Ilurons"'  machinations,  but  few 
Michilimackinac  Indians  take  part  in  the  campaign  against 
the  Onondago  and  Oneida. 

D'Argenteuil  starts  with  50  Frenchmen,  but  arrives  too 
late. 

Le  Baron,  with  thirty  Huron  families,  goes  to  settle  uear 
Albany.  Kondiaronk,  now  permanently  gained  over  to  the 
French  cause  by  Father  de  Carheil,  prevents  the  rest  of  the 
tribe  from  following  them. 

1697.  Fruutenac,  in  reply  to  the  king's  order  (of  1005, 
received  late  in  1606),  insists  on  the  posts  of  Michilimacki- 
nac and  St.  Joseph  being  retained,  with  a  garrison  sufficient 
to  keep  off  English  traders  (twelve  or  fifteen  soldiers  with 
an  officer),  and  on  twenty-five  canoe  loads  of  goods  being 
annually  sent  to  each  place.  His  advice  prevails  in  the  king's 
council. 


■■ 


i- 


. '( .. 


84 


ANNALS   OF   FORT   MACKINAC. 


Eumors  of  an  impend iiig  war  with  England  arriving, 
Cadillac  starts  witli  a  great  number  of  Frenchmen,  and  three 
hundred  Sacs,  Pottawntomies,  Otawas  and  Ilurons.  Tliey 
arrive  in  ^lontreal  towards  the  end  of  August. 

lTOi>,  September  Sth.  Ivondiaronk  and  a  deputy  of  the 
four  Otawa  clans  sign  a  provisional  treaty  of  peace  with  the 
Iroquois,  at  Montreal. 

De  Courtemanche  and  Father  Enjalran  go  to  visit  the 
other  western   tribes  and  persuade  them  to   accede  to  the 

treaty, 

1701.  Otawa  hunters  fight  a  party  of  Iroquois  who  tres- 
pass on  their  grounds,  and  bring  the  chief  to  Michilimacki- 
nac  as  a  prisoner. 

De  Courtemanche  and  Father  Enjalran,  greatly  aided  by 
Ivondiaronk,  bring  their  negotiations  with  the  ti'ibes  to  a  suc- 
cessful issue.  Father  Enjalran  leaves  Michilimackinac  in 
June,  with  two  liberated  Iroquois  prisoners.  Courtemanche 
starts  after  the  arrival  of  the  liulian  delegates,  with  a  fleet 
of  1-A-i  canoes. 

Sieur  De  La  Motte  Cadillac  founded  the  present  city  of 
Detroit,  building  Fort  Pontcliartrain,  near  the  present  Jeffer- 
son avenue,  Shelby  and  Woodbridge  streets. 

At  the  great  meeting  convened  at  Montreal,  August  1st, 
for  the  conclusion  of  peace  between  the  Iroquois,  and  the 
French  and  their  allies  (Illinois,  Miamis,  Kickapoos,  Foxes, 
Winnebagos,  Pottawatomies,  Menomonees,  Otawas,  Ojib- 
was,  Ilurons,  Algonquins,  Abenakis  and  others,  being  repre- 
sented), Kondiaronk,  almost  in  a  dying  state,  makes  a  last 
speech  of  great  effect,  lie  dies  the  following  night,  and  is 
jjuried,  with  great  demonstrations  of  respect,  in  the  principal 
church  of  Montreal. 

August  4th.  At  the  last  general  assembly  (1,300  Indians 
being  present),  the  treaty  is  signed  by  thirty- eight  deputies. 

The  Otawas  of  Michilimackinac  ask  for  Father  Enjalran 


•f 


HISTORICAL    EVENTS. 


Zt 


.   ; 


ill 


REV.  FATHER  EDWARD  JACKER, 

Discoverer  cf  Marn'.ic"o's  Crr.vo. 


111 
■'il 


I 


il 


pp— IP 


36 


ANNALS   OF   FORT   MACKINAC. 


r'lnd  Nicolas  Perrot,  and  insist  ou  the  prohibition  of  the 
liquor  trade  in  tiieir  country. 

1702-3.  Tlie  Iluroiis  and  a  ])art  of  the  Otawas,  upon 
Cadilhic's  pressing  invitation,  remove  to  Detroit. 

1705.  Tlie  remaining  Otawas  having  broken  the  peace, 
DeLouvigny  comes  to  bring  tliem  to  reason.  lie  returns  to 
tlic  colony  with  Iroquois  prisoners  given  up  to  him  bj  tlie 
Otawas.  De  Yincennes  follows  with  the  chiefs.  They  apolo- 
gize to  the  Iroquois,  and  peace  is  restored. 

JS'^ot  a  single  (Christian  Indian  remaininc: ;  the  Otawas, 
since  the  departure  of  the  Ilurons  proving  unmanageable, 
and  the  licentiousness  of  the  bush-lopers  {coureurs  de  hois) 
exceeding  all  bounds,  the  missionaries  (De  Carheil,  Marest, 
and  perhaps  Enjalran)  burn  the  church  and  house,  and  leave 
for  Quebec.  Governor  General  de  Yaudreuil  sends  orders 
to  all  the  French  at  Michilimackinac  to  come  down  to  the 
colony. 

1712.  Governor  General  de  Yaudreuil  sent  De  Louvigny 
to  re-establish  Fort  Michilimackinac,  which  he  did,  but  on 
the  south  shore. 

1721.  Peter  Francis  Xavier  Charlevoix  at  Michilimack- 
inac. 

1728.  Sieur  Marchand  DeLignery's  expedition  at  Mich- 
ilimackinac. 

1730.     Sieur  De  Buisson  in  command  at  Michilimackinac. 

17.VJ.  July  21:th.  Fort  Niagara  surrendered  to  the 
British. 

September  18th.  Quebec,  the  capital  of  New  Franco 
(Canada),  surrendered. 

1700.  Sej)tember  Sth.  Montreal,  and  all  the  French- 
Canadian  territory,  surrendered  to  the  British. 

17G1.  Sei)teniber  2Stli.  P.ritish  troops  lirst  arrived  at 
Michilimackinac.     Captain  Belfour,  of  the  SOtli  lleo-iment, 


•^ .    -* 


I 


lIISTOIilCAL    EVENTS. 


37 


arrived  from  Detroit  witli  a  detaclniient  of  the  TtOtli  and 
80tli  Keijjiments.  Leavino-  Lieutenant  Leslie,  of  tlie  Iloval 
American  or  GUth  licgiment,  with  one  sergeant,  one  corporal, 
one  drummer,  and  twenty-five  privates  of  the  same  regiment, 
Captain  Belfour  and  his  part}',  on  October  1st,  proceeded  to 
Green  Bav,  Wis. 

Although  the  Jjritish  occupied  and  controlled  Canada,  it 
was  not  formally  ceded  to  Great  Britain  until  1763. 

The  preliminaries  of  ]">eace  were  signed  at  Fontainebleau, 
November  3d,  1702,  between  the  courts  of  France,  Spain 
and  Great  Britain.  By  the  definitive  treaty  signed  at  Paris, 
February  10th,  1763,  by  these  three  great  powers,  together 
with  Portugal,  Canada  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain. 

Great  Britain  restored  to  Spain  the  territory  she  had  con- 
quered in  the  Island  of  Cuba ;  and  in  consecpience  of  this 
restitution,  Spain  ceded  to  Great  Britain,  Florida  with  Fort 
St.  Augustin  and  the  Bay  of  Pensacola,  and  all  the  Spanish 
possessions  on  the  continent  of  North  America,  east  of  the 
Mississippi  River.  In  1783,  Great  Britain  retroceded  Florida 
to  Spain.  By  a  treaty  made  in  1819  (ratified  in  1821),  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Spain,  Florida  was  ceded  by 
Spain  to  the  United  States,  the  latter  paying  8.5,000,000. 

France,  by  an  act  passed  at  Fontainebleau,  November  3d, 
1762,  ceded  the  country  then  known  as  Louisiana,  to  Spain. 
The  cession  was  accepted  by  an  act  passed  at  the  Escurial, 
November  13th,  of  the  same  year.  Spain  retroceded  Louisi- 
a!ia  to  France,  by  a  treaty  of  St.  Udefonso,  October  1st,  1800. 
France  ceded  Louisiana  to  the  United  States  in  1803,  tlie 
latter  paying  $15,000,000. 


f!i; 


'f  1 


i 


^i 


38 


i^NNALS   OF   FOiiT   MACKINAC. 


CONSPIRACY  OF  PONTIAC. 

17G3.  Under  this  conspiracy  eleven  posts  were  attacked, 
and  eight  captured. 

June  2d.  Fort  Michiliniackinac  was  captured.  The  gar- 
rison consisted  of  Ca])tain  Etherington,  Lieutenants  Jamct  and 
Leslie,  and  about  thirty -five  men.  A  band  of  Chippewas, 
while  playing  a  game  of  ball  just  outside  of  the  Fort,  knocked 
the  ball,  as  if  by  accident,  so  that  it  fell  inside  the  stockade; 
the  players  rushed  after  it,  and  seizing  their  weapons  from 
squaws,  who  had  them  concealed  under  their  blankets,  and 
had  previously  entered  the  Fort  as  a  part  of  the  plot,  they 
raised  the  war-whoop  and  fell  ujion  the  garrison.  Lieutenant 
Jamot  and  fifteen  men  were  killed.  Captain  Etherington  and 
Lieutenant  Leslie,  who  were  watching  the  game  of  ball,  and 
the  rest  of  the  gari'ison  were  taken  prisoners  ;  they  were  after- 
wards ransomed  bv  Lieutenant  Gorell  and  his  command  from 
the  Fort  at  Green  Bav. 

17S0.  July  15th.  Tlip  British  abandon  the  Fort  at  "  Old 
Mackinac"  and  transfer  the  garrison  to  Mackinac  Island, 
where  they  build  the  present  Fort  Mackiruic.  The  history 
of  "Modern  Mackinac"  properly  begins  at  this  date. 

1TS3.  By  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States,  made  and  signed  at  Paris,  Sep- 
tember 3d,  17S3,  by  David  Hartley  on  the  part  of  Great 
Britain,  and  by  John  Adams,  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  John 
Jay  on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  the  post  of  Michili- 
niackinac fell  within  the  boundary  of  the  United  States,  but 
under  various  pretenses  the  English  refused  to  withdraw  their 
troops,  and  occu])ied  it  with  other  lake  posts. 

1794.  By  the  second  article  of  the  treaty  of  amity,  com- 
merce and  navigation,  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 


I 


HISTORICAL    EVENTS. 


30 


V       vm   ■^ 


States,  concluded  at  London,  England,  November,  lOtli,  1794^ 
and  signed  by  Baron  Grenville,  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain, 
and  by  lion.  John  Jay,  on  the  part  of  the  United  States 
(ratifications  exchanged  October  2Sth,  1795,  and  proclaimed 
February  29th,  1796),  it  was  stipulated  that  from  all  posts 
witliin  the  boundary  lines  assigned,  by  the  treaty  of  peace  to 
tlie  United  States,  the  British  troops  should  be  withdrawn  on 
or  before  June  1st,  1796. 

1795.  By  stipulation  13,  article  3,  of  a  treaty  of  peace 
between  the  United  States  and  the  tribes  of  Indians  called 
the  Wyandots,  Delawares,  Shawnees,  Otawas,  Chipi)ewas, 
Pottawatomies,  Miamis,  Eel  Rivers,  Weas,  Kickapoos,  Pinke- 
shaws  and  Kaskaskias,  made  at  Greenville,  Ohio,  on  the  3d 
of  August,  1795,  and  signed  by  General  Anthony  AVaync,  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  and  by  the  Sachems  and  War- 
chiefs  of  the  said  tribes,  the  Indians  ceded  to  the  United 
States  "the  post  of  Michilimaekinac,  and  all  the  land  on  the 
island  on  which  that  post  stands,  and  the  main  land  adjacent, 
on  which  the  Indian  title  has  been  extinguished  by  gifts  or 
grants,  to  the  French  or  English  Governments;  and  a  piece 
of  land  on  the  main  to  the  north  of  the  island,  to  measure 
six  miles,  on  Lake  Huron,  or  the  strait  between  Lakes  Huron 
and  Michigan,  and  to  extend  three  miles  back  from  the  water 
of  the  lake  or  strait ;  and  also,  the  island  "  Bois  Blanc,"  the 
latter  being  an  extra  and  voluntary  gift  of  the  Chippewa 
nation."  ' 

1796.  October.  Two  companies  of  United  States  troops, 
under  the  command  of  Major  Henry  Burbeck,  with  Captain 
Abner  Prior  and  Lieutenants  Ebenezer  Massav  and  John 
Michael,  arrived  and  took  possession  of  the  post  of  Michili- 
maekinac. 

1802.  In  the  year  1800  the  Connecticut  Missionary  So- 
ciety sent  Rev.  David  Bacon  (father  of  the  late  Rev.  Dr. 
Leonard  Bacon,  of  New  Haven,  who  was  born  in  Detroit  in 


■  V 


S    h 


40 


ANNALS    OF    FORT   MACKINAC. 


1802)  as  a  missionary  to  onr  frontier;  lie  arrived  at  Detroit 
August  lltli,  1800,  where  lie  wos  entertained  at  the  house  of 
the  commandant,  Major  Thomns  Hunt,  IT.  S.  A. 

Mr.  Bacon  left  Detroit,  with  his  family,  and  came  to 
Mackinac  in  June.  1802  where  he  remained,  teaching  and 
preaching  until  August,  1804,  when  he  was  recalled. 

Rev.  David  Bacon  was  the^V',9^  Protestant  who  preached 
iit  Mackinac. 

1812.  June  18th,  war  with  Cireat  Britain  was  declared  by 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States  by  a  vote  of  79  to  40  in 
the  House,  and  10  to  13  in  the  Senate.  June  19th,  war  was 
formally  proclaimed  by  President  Madison. 


HISTOlilCAL  EVENTS. 


41 


v% 


MAJ.  WM.  "WHISTLER,  U.  S.  A., 
Commanding  Fort  Mackinac,  1833. 


,   .if 


:  '. 


y  a. 


V' 


42 


ANNAL8   OK    FOIIT   MACKINAC. 


SURUENDKU  OF  FOUT  MICllILIMACIvINAC. 

Dktiioit,  August  4th,  1812. 

Srii— I  take  tlio  earliest  opportiuiity  to  iicquiiint  Your  Excellency  of 
the  surrender  nf  the  i^iirrison  of  .Michiliniackliiiic,  under  my  command,  to 
his  Hritannic  iMajcsty's  forces  under  the  command  of  Captain  Charles 
Uoherts,  on  the  ITtli  idtimo,  the  particulars  of  which  are  as  follows:  On 
the  10th,  I  was  informed  by  the  Indian  Interpreter  that  he  had  discovered 
from  an  Indian  that  tlu;  several  nations  of  Indians  then  at  St.  Joseph  (a 
British  garrison,  distant  about  forty  miles)  intended  to  uudce  an  imme- 
diate attack  on  Michilimackiiuic. 

I  was  inclined,  from  the  coolness  I  had  discoveretl  in  some  of  the  prln- 
cii)al  chiefs  of  the  Ottawa  and  Chiiipewa  nations,  who  had  but  a  few  days 
before  professed  the  greatest  friendship  for  the  United  States,  to  place 
confidence  in  this  report. 

I  itmn(.>diately  called  a  meeting  of  the  American  gentlemen  atthat  time 
on  the  island,  in  which  it  was  thought  proper  to  dispatch  a  confidential 
person  to  St.  Joseph  to  watch  the  motions  of  the  Indians. 

Captain  Michael  Dousman,  of  the  militia,  was  thought  the  most  suitable 
for  this  service.  lie  embarked  about  sunset,  and  met  the  British  forces 
within  ten  or  tifteen  miles  of  the  island,  by  whom  he  was  made  prisoner 
and  put  on  his  parole  of  honor.  lie  was  landed  on  the  island  at  day- 
break, with  positive  directions  to  give  me  no  intelligence  whatever.  He 
was  also  instructed  to  take  the  inhabitants  of  the  village,  indiscriminately, 
t )  a  place  on  the  west  side  of  the  island  where  their  persons  and  property 
should  be  protected  by  a  British  guard,  but  should  they  goto  the  Fort, 
they  would  be  sul)ject  to  a  general  massacre  by  the  savages,  which  would 
be  inevitable  if  the  garrison  tired  a  gun.  This  information  I  received 
from  Doctor  Day,  who  was  passing  through  the  village  when  every  person 
was  Hying  for  refuge  to  the  enemy.  I  immediately,  on  being  informed 
of  the  approach  of  the  enefiiy,  placed  ammunition,  c^c,  in  the  Block 
houses;  ordered  every  gun  charged,  and  made  every  preparation  for 
action.  About  9  o'clock  I  could  discover  that  the  enemy  were  in  posses- 
sion of  the  heights  that  conunanded  the  Fort,  and  one  piece  of  their  artil- 
lery directed  to  the  most  defenceless  part  of  the  garrison.  The  Indiana 
at  this  time  were  to  be  seen   in  great  numbers  in  the  edge  of  the  woods, 


1 


III8T(»UK;Ar.    EVKNT8. 


43 


At  hivlf-piisl  U  o'clock  the  enemy  sent  in  a  fliii?  of  truce,  (leniandinff  asur- 
render  of  the  Fort  and  ishind  to  his  nritaiinic  Majesty's  forces.  Tliis,  Mr, 
was  tlie  first  information  I  had  of  the  dechiration  of  war;  I,  however,  ha  I 
UMlicipatcd  it,  and  was  as  well  prepared  to  meet  such  an  event  as  I  jios- 
sibly  could  have  been  with  the  force  under  my  command,  amouutiny 
to  57  elTective  men,  ineludinj^onicers.  Three  American  gentlemen,  who 
were  prisoners,  were  permitted  to  'iccompany  the  Hag:  from  them  I  ascer- 
tained the  strength  of  the  enemy  to  be  from  nine  hundred  to  one  thousand 
strong,  consistin<jf  of  regular  troops,  Canadians  and  savages;  that  they 
had  two  pieces  of  artillery,  and  were  provided  with  ladders  and  ropes  for 
the  purpose  of  scaling  thi;  works,  if  necessary.  After  I  had  obtained  this 
information,  I  consulted  my  ollicers,  and  also  the  American  gentlemen 
present,  who  were  very  inleUigent  men;  the  result  of  which  was,  that  it 
was  impossible  for  the  garrison  to  hold  out  against  such  a  superior  force. 
In  this  opinioni  fully  concurred,  from  the  conviction  that  it  was  the  only 
measure  that  could  prevent  a  general  massacre.  The  Fort  and  garrison 
were  accordingly  surrendered. 

The  enclosed  jiapers  exhibit  copies  of  the  correspondence  between  the 
officer  commanding  the  British  forces  and  myself,  and  of  the  articles  of 
capitulation.  This  subject  involved  (piestions  of  a  p(>culiar  nature;  and 
I  hope,  Sir,  that  my  demands  and  protests  will  meet  the  approbation  of 
my  government.  I  cannot  allow  this  opportunity  to  escape  without  ex- 
pressing my  obligation  to  Doctor  Sylvester  Day,  for  the  service  he  ren- 
dered me  in  conducting  this  correspondence. 

In  consetpience  of  this  unfortunate  affair,  I  beg  leave,  Sir,  to  demand 
that  a  Court  of  Inquiry  may  be  ordered  to  investigate  all  the  facts  con- 
nected with  it;  and  I  do  further  request,  that  the  court  may  be  specially 
directed  to  express  their  opinion  on  the  merits  of  the  case, 

I  have  the  honour  to  be.  Sir,  etc., 


«.(■ 


/  ( 


■  i   ■ 


■\  : 


His  Excellency  General  Hull, 

Commanding  the  N.  W.  Army. 


PORTER  HANKS, 

Lieutenant  of  Artillery. 


P.  S. — The  following  particulars  relating  to  the  British  force  were  ob 
tained  after  the  capitulation,  from  a  source  that  admits  of  uo  doubt: 


44 


ANNANS   01* 


,    tOllT    MACKINAC. 


Y^pcnlivr  troops 

Canadian  mililia 


Total 

Savages, 

Siovix 

Winnobagoes 

Menoinonees 


.KUncludinS  4  officers. 
200 

800 


48 


ChippcNvas  ana  Ottawas __ 

^  ^  71")  Savages. 

.>00  WUiles. 


Total , 


,\o-n 


1    (iftv  CllU)pe^va3 
,     ,   ,u,a  one  hunarca   and   hfty  ^^^  1 1 


and 


MicuiLiM^ciaNAC. 
CAPITUI-VTION 


Mich.,  July  17th,  18V.. 


7;„ry  7i/.s  Britannic 
conimamUngthefoicesoj 

„,   ,  arm.,  and  »«""«P"^™°".:'X;,;     Not  to  servo  in  tUis  war  uuUl 
t  OS  ot  America  t.y  ''>'«;  :"':t:Torformaucc  of  ti.is  article  ti>e  oS- 

XY.  Private  property  shall  he  iieiu 


mSTOKICAL    KVKiNTS. 


45 


uc 


the 

itccl 

intil 

offi- 

sliall 


V.  All  citizens  of  tlio  Unit(Ml  Stiitcs  of  America  wlin  shall  not  take  the 
outli  of  allcgjaiict'  to  his  Hiitaiinic  Ma.ir>ty,  sliall  depart  with  their  prop- 
erty from  the  island  in  one  month  from  the  ilute  hereof.     Granted. 

(Signed)  CHARLES  UOHEHTS, 

CommdmtiHfj  II.  li.  Mnjcxty'dforcea, 

PORTER  HANKS. 

Comniiindinfj  Ihc  forces  of  the 

United  States  of  Avierica. 

Nmtks. — Dr.  Sylvester  Day,  LI.  S.  A.,  was  the  Surgeon  at 
the  Fort.  Ha  and  his  family  resided  at  the  time  in  a  house 
belongingto  the  late  Samuel  Abbott,  M'hieh  stood  on  a  lot  now- 
owned  and  cultivated  as  a  garden  by  Mr.  Patrick  Donnelly, 
oil  the  east  side  of  and  adjoining  his  residence  on  Astor 
street.  Mr.  Michael  Dousman  went  to  the  house  and  told 
the  inmates  of  the  i)resence  of  the  British  on  the  island. 
Dr.  Day  immediately  arose,  ;.ad  taking  his  family  (one  of 
whom,  his  son,  is  now  (leneral  Hannibal  Day,  U.  S.  A.), 
went  to  the  Fort  and  warned  the  garrison  of  the  approach  of 
the  foe. 

His  Mtijesty's  forces  were  under  the  command  of  Captain 
Charles  Iloberts,  of  the  Tenth  Royal  Vetei-an  ])attalion,  and 
consisted  of  forty  regulars  of  the  same  regiment,  with  two 
six-pounders,  which  were  embarked  at  St.  Joseph  on  board 
the  N.  W.  Co.'s  ship,  "  Caledonia  ;"  two  hundred  and  sixty 
Canadians,  with  their  employes,  and  four  hundred  Indians, 
with  ten  batteaux  and  seventy  canoes. 

The  American  troops  numbered  sixty-three  persons,  in- 
chiding  five  sick  men  and  one  drummer  boy. 

There  were  nine  vessels  in  the  harbor,  having  on  board 
forty-seven  men.  After  the  capitulation  two  other  vessels 
arrived,  with  seven  hundred  packs  of  furs. 

The  prisoners  were  sent  to  Detroit,  arriving  there  August 
4th,   thence   to   Fort   Fayette,    wdiere    Pittsburg,  Pa.,  now 


I  I 


46 


AXIiTALS   OF    FORT   MACKINAC. 


stands,  wlicre  a  roll  shows  them  to   have   been  iiinstcred  on 
tho  17th  day  of  Novcmoer,  1312. 

Lienteiiaiit  Hanks  was  killed  August  16,  while  still  on 
parole,  by  a  shot  tired  from  the  Canadian  side,  while  he  was 
standing  in  the  gateway  of  the  fort  at  Detroit. 

The  citizens  sought  refuse  in  an  old  distillery,  which  M'iis 
situated  nnder  the  bliilf  near  the  old  Indian  burvino- ji-ronnd, 
M'cst  of  the  village.  Tlie  ih-itish  sent  a  guard  there  imme- 
diatelv  after  landing. 

The  three  American  gentlemen  (prisoners)  referred  to  by 
LieutiMiai\t  TTanks.  went  from  the  distillery  to  C'a|)taiu  Ilob- 
errs'  command.  They  were  iSamuel  Abbott,  John  Donsman 
and  And)r()sc!  Davcnpor!",  all  prominent  citizens  of  the 
village,  and  well  cab  'dated  o  comprehend  the  true  state  of 
a  Hairs. 

F(j;'t  llolnies  was  built  while  the  British  held  possession  of 
the  island,  in  \^{:2  and  1S14.  The  iidiabitants  of  the  villa li'e 
were  al!  I'oi'ced  to  contribute  labor. 

It  wah  called  by  the  Ih-itish  Fort  George,  in  honor  of  the 
Ijritish  king  ;  afterwiU'd  rechristened  by  the  Americans  in 
honor  of  Major  Andrew  Hunter  Holmes,  who  was  killed 
August  4,  IS  14. 

The  old  ditches  can  be  plainly  seen;  the  parapet  was  pro- 
tected by  ceoar  pickets,  so  planted  as  to  render  scaling  im 
possil)le  without  a  ladder.  The  covered  ways,  constructed 
to  shelter  the  troops,  have  fallen  in.  In  the  centre  of  the 
enclosure  there  v/as  a  l)uildini»"  used  as  a  l)lockdiouse  and 
powder  magazine.  It  was  removed  l)}^  the  Americans,  and 
is  now  used  as  the  government  stable. 

The  ])latform  that  now  crowns  the  summit,  andconnnands 
a  magnificent  view  of  the  Straits  and  the  surroundimj  conn- 
try,  was  built  by  Captain,  afterward  Colonel,  John  X.  Ma- 
comb, during  a  survey  of  the  hdvcs  in  1849.  As  you  stand 
on  this  phUform,  three  hundred  and  twenty  feet  above  the 


i 


JIISTOKICAL    EVENTS. 


47 


level  of  the  surrounding'  water,  facing  toward  the  flag-staif 
in  the  Fort,  on  your  right  is  Point  St.  Ignace,  four  miles 
distant,  the  soutliern  extremity  of  the  northern  peninsuLi  of 
Michigan  ;  nearly  in  front  of  you  lies  ^rackitiinr  City  :  eight 
miles  distant,  on  the  northern  point  of  the  southern  ixjnin- 


,  i 


^1 


Clock  MouGc,  Ba::t  in  i;  CO. 


lands 
;oun- 

?tand 
3  the 


sula,  a  little  to  the  right,  is  where  old  Fort  MichlUniaelvinac 
stood,  where  the  massacre  of  June  2d,  1703,  took  ]»lace;  a 
little  farther  to  the  left  Clieboy<i:an,  ci<i-hteen  miles  distant, 
and  off  to  the  left,  where  the  northern  shore  and  the  water 
seem  to  mingle  and  disappear  together,  is  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  ]\[ary's  liiver,  thirty-seven  miles  distant. 


,rH«&MK'  -iK^i-wjtffita 


48 


ANNAL3   OF   FOKT   MACKINAC. 


NAVAL  BATTLE  ON  LAKE  ERIE. 

,S,3.     September  lOtl,  the  .ostUe  J-^s  of  «r.t  Bnta,^^ 

a,..a  the  TInited  States,  ou  ^^  Eu«^^^;  '"t"  e  British  fleet 

the  Lake,  and  a  sa.gu.nary  1>:*1«  •;"  "f  "^  „„der  cotn- 

consisted  of  six  vessels  eavyn^g  s>^>;fou>-  ^ns         ^^^^  ^^ 

1  ^f  +]iP  voteran  Commodore  L>aicici.y,  cm^ 
U,e  United  States  --ted  ot  n,ne  v^^.    s,   ea,^^    .^J^_ 

fo„,.  ,nns,  -f --'""S:  .::/:;\Ssinn,or^^^^  conflict 
r>S:n'^'  -VheLridin  the  foUowin,  laeon.  d.- 
patch,  written  at  i  r.  m.  of  that  day : 

..  D.U.  GB.EKM.:-Wc  have  mot  the  eaemy,  and  they  avc  ours 
ships,  two  brigs,  oac  schooner,  aad  one  sloop. 

"With  esteem,  etc., 

«'0.  II.  PERRY 

"General  William  II.  IIaubison." 


Two 


HISTOKICAL    KVENTS. 


49 


yi 


I'ji. 


r'-i 
^1 


f 

,1 


Block  House,  Built  in  1780. 


50 


ANNALS    OF   FOKT   MACKINAC. 


BATTLE  OF  MICIIILIMACKINAC. 


REPORT   OF    COL.    GKORGE    CROGIIAN. 


U.  S.  S. 


WaU   NiAGAIlA.  OFF   TlIUNDER   BAY, 

August  Uth,  1814. 


3!l 


Sill— We  left  Fort  Gratiot  (head  of  the  straits  St.  Clair)  on  the  12th 
ult.  and  imagined  that  we  should  arrive  in  a  few  days  at  jMalshadash  Bay. 
At  the  end  of  a  week,  however,  the  commodore  from  the  want  of  pilots  ac- 
([uainted  withthat  unfrequented  part  of  the  lake,  despaired  of  being  able  to 
liiid  a  passage  through  the  island  into  the  bay,  and  made  for  St.  Joseph's, 
where  he  anchored  on  30tli  day  of  July.  After  setting  fire  to  tlie  Fort  of  St. 
Joseph's,  which  seemed  iiot  to  have  been  recently  occupied,  a  detaclimenl 
of  infantry  and  artillery,  under  Major  Holmes,  Avas  ordered  to  Sault  St. 
Mary's,  for  the  purpose  of  breaking  up  tlie  enemy's  establishment  at  that 
place. 

For  particulars  relative  to  the  execution  of  tliis  order,  I  beg  leave  to 
refer  you  to  Major  Holmes'  report  herewitli  enclosed.  Finding  on  my 
arrival  at  Michilimaekinac,  on  the  20th  ult,  that  the  enemy  had  strongly 
fortilicd  the  height  overlooking  the  old  Fort  of  Mackinac,  I  at  once  de- 
spaired of  being  able  with  my  small  force,  to  carry  the  place  by  storm, 
;ui(l  determined  (as  the  only  course  remaining)  on  landing  and  establish- 
ing myself  on  .some  favorable  position,  whence  I  could  be  enabled  to 
iiunoy  the  enemy  by  gradual  and  slcnv  approaches,  under  cover  of  my 
artillery,  in  wliich  I  should  have  the  superiority  in  point  of  metal.  I  was 
urged  to  adopt  this  stei>  by  another  reason,  not  a  little  cogent  ;  could  a 
position  be  taken  and  fortilied  on  the  island,  I  was  well  aware  that  it 
would  either  induce  the  enemy  to  attack  me  in  my  strongholds,  or  force 
his  Indians  and  Canadians  (the  most  etlicicnt,  and  only  disposable  force) 
oil  tlie  island,  as  they  would  be  very  unwilling  to  remain  in  my  neighbor- 
hood after  a  permanent  footing  had  been  taken.  On  enquiry,  I  learned 
from  individuals  who  had  lived  many  years  on  the  island,  that  a  position 
desirable  as  I  might  wish,  could  be  found  on  the  west  end,  and  therefore 
immediately  made  arrangements  for  disembarking.  A  landing  was 
effected  on  the  4th  inst.,  under  cover  of  the  guns  of  the  shipping,  and 
the  line  being  quickly  formed,  had  advanced  to  the  edge  of  the  field 
spoken  of  for  a  camp,  when  intelligence  was  conveyed  to  me,  that  the 


HISTORICAL    EVLMS. 


51 


.1 ' .  1 


Col.  P.  JuJNAN. 


m 

■  f  < 

•■u  ' 

I'!.'   . 


^■'.i; 


•1 , 
.  ■'■  t' 

■»):■■ 

i:  ^'  . 


-1 
1 


•t: 


■:-.i 

I 


A' 


52 


ANNALS    0F<'    FOKT    MACKINAC. 


■i 


I     :■> 


■   t 


.'iJ 


enemy  was  ahead,  and  a  few  seconds  more  brought  us  a  fire  from  his 
battery  of  four  pieces,  firing  shot  and  shells.  After  recounoitering  his 
position,  whicli  was  well  selected,  his  line  reached  along  the  edge  of  the 
woods,  at  the  further  extremity  of  the  field  and  covered  by  a  temporary 
breast  work  ;  1  determined  on  changing  my  position  (which  was  now  two 
lines,  the  militia  forming  the  front),  by  advancing  Major  Holmes'  battal- 
ion of  regulars  on  the  right  of  the  militia,  thus  to  outfiank  him,  and  by  a 
vigorous  ejfort  to  gain  his  rear.  The  movement  was  immediately  ordered, 
but  before  it  could  be  executed,  a  fire  was  opened  by  some  Indians  posted 
in  a  thick  wood  near  our  right,  which  proved  fatal  to  Major  Holmes  and 
severely  wounded  Captain  Desha  (the  next  olllcer  in  rank).  Tliis  unlucky 
fire,  by  depriving  us  of  the  services  of  our  most  valuable  officers,  threw 
that  i)art  of  the  line  into  confusion  from  which  the  best  exertions  of  the 
officers  were  not  able  to  reco\"er  it.  Finding  it  impossible  to  gain  the 
enemy's  left,  owing  to  the  impenetrable  thickness  of  the  woods,  a  charge 
was  ordered  to  l)e  made  by  the  regulars  Immediatelj'^  against  the  front. 
This  charge  although  made  in  some  confusion,  served  to  drive  the  enemy 
back  into  the  woods,  from  whence  an  annoying  fire  was  kept  up  by  the 
Indians. 

Lieut.  Morgan  was  ordered  up  with  a  light  piece  to  assist  the  left,  now 
particularly  galled  ;  the  excellent  practice  of  this  brought  the  enemy  to 
fire  at  a  longer  distance.  Discovering  that  this  disposition  from  whence 
the  enemy  had  just  been  driven  (and  which  had  been  represented  to  me 
as  so  high  and  commanding),  was  by  no  means  tenable,  from  being  inter- 
spersed with  thickets,  and  intersected  in  every  way  by  ravines,  I  deter- 
mined no  longer  to  expose  my  force  to  the  fire  of  an  enemy  deriving 
every  advantage  which  could  be  obtained  from  numbers  and  a  knowledge 
of  the  position,  and  therefore  ordered  an  immediate  retreat  towards  the 
shipping.  This  affair,  which  cost  us  many  valuable  lives,  leaves  us  to 
lament  the  fall  of  that  gallant  officer.  Major  Holmes,  whose  character  is 
so  well  known  to  the  war  department.  Captain  Van  Home,  of  the  19th 
Infantry  and  Lieut.  Jackson  of  the  24th  Infantry,  both  brave  intrepid 
young  men  fell  mortally  wounded  at  the  head  of  their  respective  com- 
mands. 

The  conduct  of  all  my  officers  on  this  occasion  merits  my  approbation. 
Captain  Desha,  of  the  24th  Infantry,  although  wounded,  continued 
with  his  command  until  forced  to  retire  from  faintness  through  loss  of 
blood.     Captaii^s  Saunders,  Hawkins  and  Sturges,  with  every  subaltern 


1 


HISTORICAL    EVENTS. 


53 


of  that  battalion,  acted  in  tlie  most  exemplary  manner.  Ensii^n  Bryan, 
2n(l  Kitle  Kegiment,  acting  Adjutant  to  the  battalion,  actively  forwarded 
the  wishes  of  the  commanding  officer.  Lieuts.  Hickman,  28th  Infantry, 
and  Hyde  of  the  U.  S.  Marines,  who  commanded  the  reserve,  claim  my 
l)articular  thanks  for  their  activity  in  keeping  that  command  in  readiness 
to  meet  any  exigency.  I  have  before  mentioned  Lieut.  Morgan's  activity; 
his  two  assistants,  Lieut.  Pickett  and  Mr.  Peters,  conductor  of  artillery, 
also  merit  the  name  of  good  officers. 

The  militia  were  wanting  in  no  pa:',  of  their  duty.  Colonel  Cotgreave, 
his  officers  and  soldiers,  deserve  the  warmest  approbation.  My  acting 
assistant  Adjutant  General  Captain  N.  H.  ^loore,  38th  Infantry,  with 
volunteer  Adjutant  McComb,  were  prompt  in  delivering  my  orders. 

Captain  Gratiot  of  the  engineers,  Avho  voluntered  his  services  as  Adju- 
tant on  the  occasion,  gave  me  valuable  assistance.  On  the  morning  of  the 
5th,  I  sent  a  flag  to  the  enemy,  to  enquire  into  the  state  of  the  wounded 
(two  in  uumbe'j,  who  were  left  on  the  field,  and  to  request  permission  to 
bring  aAvay  the  body  of  Major  Holmes,  which  was  also  left,  owing  to  the 
unpardonable  neglect  of  the  soldiers  in  whose  hands  it  was  placed.  I 
am  happy  in  assuring  you,  tliat  the  body  of  Major  Holmes  is  secnrcd, 
and  will  be  buried  at  Detroit  with  becoming  honors.  I  shall  discharge 
the  militia  to-morrow,  and  will  send  them  down,  together  with  two  regu- 
lar companies  to  Detroit. 

With  the  remaining  three  companies  I  shall  attempt  to  destroy  the 
enemy's  establishment  in  the  head  of  Naio-taic-ica-sa-f/a  River,  and  if  it 
be  thought  proper,  erect  a  post  at  the  mouth  of  that  river. 

Very  respectfully,  I  have  the  honor  to  remain,  sir,  your  obedient 
servant. 

G.  CROGHAN, 

Lieut- Col.  2nd  Riflemen. 
To  Hon.  J.  Aemstrong, 

Secretnrv  of  War. 


I' 


!      • 


I 

I' 

I 


I 


3: 

Si 


m 


54: 


ANNALS   OF 


FORT    MACKINAC. 


KEPOUT  OF  '-"'^^'^'q^-st  4TH,  18U. 

tenant,  .hvee  -''f  »"'^  ".  "^  L  eut.  Uc-kU*  Jackson  .mce 

tain  Kobcvt  Dosha --,cl>  ,  ,„„„>„  Holmes. 

,e,.,,can.  sU,co    ea„.  ^_^^_. ,,,     „„i„,  An  row  Kuu.or 

lieutenant.  s.ix  si-  =  ^iv,uos  inissiug.  wounae;!  and 

js-::rt;:x.on..i..-. 

N    II.  MOOUti, 


iils 


111 


QtS, 

ixtes 

saac 

Uc'U- 
Cap- 
— one 

les. 
(livate 

as,  one 
y-cigbt 

led  and 


.General 


sft 


!"•  r, 


I 


:\   : 

'  '   ;   / 


5G 


ANNALS  OF 


FOBT  MACKINAC. 


m 


■*•*'  .     _  -vTi  in. 


111 


OB  u  July  >'"*  """'""^ 

S„_I  arrived  ol,^^"^''    .,    v-i.ich  vrevented  »"'    "l  ,i„n  of  the 

adiacantUland.  »m>  -d      ^,  ^,,„  ,„,„e  "»-;*;  ,.„,„„(  success-, 
„„,.„  o,e  4tU  •"^'•' ^"\„„„„u.,  tl.an  «UU  any  P°    *      „  ,ueiv  landing 
UivelytUeencm    s  sue  =    ^^  1  o.n.Ui  -«';'"-X\,uhin  300  ymds 

'uaovviag.  at  the  -'";,„„>»  l-'-"°»  \"t  tnTcd,  oven  ™itl.  *ls 
,,d  veueal  to  the    U,p  ,  ^^^^^^,  ^„,„   '"","    fmce  alone  on  the 

„[  tUe  beach.    (J"l-  ^1°'  ,„,,  that  the  Indian  l  ,^^ 

protection,  helng  l^'  -  i;,,  ,„a,  --  sttl^-J.  o'  ^  ^„  ,,oo. 
sland.  «U1.  the  '"'  ;"  ";.,^  „ove.-nment,  ^^•dhout  '"  '';  ^^  Mackinac 
,,.e  instifled  >""-   ^^'^  ^Id  not  e.ect  the  0,0^-  -  ^^^,  „,  „„y 

Ihan  >MM«—  •  ^^;Velt.vaUar.  heing  '^  "f '">;;  f  ...e  near  t.o  ntUes 
i,,  by  nature,  a  V^"-  ^^,„ieh  .0  the  h,ght»,  you  ^^^^^  ^i„,. 

side,  excevt  the  ^vo.t      "  ^,^^^  „„  „„„  ^ver    si  ^_^  ^^^  ^,_^ 

t„  pass  through  a  uo«^.  ^^  ^,_^„,^  ^""l"ta  n  d^cforc  there  «as 

,„„,  and  «itl.m  a  f  y    ^^     ,^^  ^.,,  --cel^   ^^ .  \„,.uvovks  «ere 
Indians  who  d.d  .t .  a"  ^,^  ,„„,™uKUng  tt  -  -  ^,^_^,.„,4  ,„, 

another  within  .0  01    0    5        ^^^^^_^     g^^^,,^,  „f  those  ^^^^^^^^  ^^_, 

erected  and  cannon    pcncd  ^^^^  .^  ^_^^  ^„„     found         ^^^^^^^,  ^^, 

the  euem,  ^-;';    ':^^.„„„er  the  enemy  heeame    <^-^  „fflc..s 

troops  advanced  the  St      =  ^^^^^^,  „    tue  c  ^^.^„ 

more  b-vlUlercd  on    to,  ^^^^_^^^,  .^  ^Vwufg  into  cor.fusion, 

were  picked  o"'    f J^^^'.^.re  getting  lost  »"*J^f^'',„„odiato  retreat, 

r:drers::oi.um^^;-^^^^^ 

Tbe  enemy  were  duven 


lIIbTOKlCAl-    KVKN'lfi. 


57 


the  impenetrable  thickness  of  the  woods,  that  no  advantage  gained  could 
he  profited  by.  Our  attack  would  have  been  made  immediately  under 
the  lower  fort,  that  the  enemy  might  not  have  been  able  to  use  his  Indian 
force  to  such  advantage  as  in  the  woods,  having  discovered  by  drawing  a 
fire  from  him  in  several  instances,  that  I  had  greatly  the  superiority  of 
metal  of  him;  but  its  site  ijeing  about  120  feet  above  the  water,  I  could 
not,  when  near  enough  to  do  him  an  injury,  elevate  sulllcicntly  to  batter 
it.  Above  this,  nearly  as  high  again,  he  has  another  strong  fort,  com- 
manding every  point  on  the  island,  and  almost  perpendicular  on  all  sides. 
Col.  Croghan  not  deeming  it  prudent  to  make  a  second  attempt  ui)on  this 
place,  and  having  ascertained  to  a  certainty  that  the  only  naval  force  the 
enemy  have  upon  the  lakes  consists  of  one  schooner  of  four  guns,  I  have 
determined  to  despatch  the  "  Lawrence  '"  and  "  Caledonia  "  to  Lake  Erie 
immediately,  believing  their  services  in  transj)orting  our  armies  there  will 
be  wanting;  and  it  being  important  that  the  sick  and  wounded,  amount- 
ing to  about  100,  and  that  part  of  the  detachment  not  necessary  to  further 
our  futiu'c  operations  here,  should  reach  Detroit  without  delay.  By  an 
intelligent  prisoner,  captured  in  the  "Mink,"  I  ascertained  this,  and  that 
the  mechanics  and  others  sent  across  from  York  during  the  winter  were 
for  the  purpose  of  building  a  flotilla  to  transport  reinforcements  and  sup- 
plies to  Mackinac.  An  attempt  was  made  to  transport  them  by  the  way  of 
Matchadash,  but  it  was  found  impracticable,  from  all  the  portages  being 
a  morass;  that  they  then  resorted  to  a  small  river  called  Nautawasaga, 
situated  to  the  south  of  Matchadash,  from  which  there  is  a  portage  of  three 
leagues  over  a  good  road  to  Lake  Simcoe.  This  place  was  never  known 
until  pointed  out  to  them  last  summer  by  an  Lidian.  This  river  is  very 
narrow,  and  has  six  or  eight  feet  water  in  it  about  three  miles  up,  and  is 
then  a  muddy,  rapid  shallow  for  45  miles  up  to  the  portage,  where  their 
armada  was  built,  and  their  storehouses  are  now  situated.  The  naviga- 
tion is  dangerous  and  difficult,  and  so  obscured  by  rocks  and  bushes  that 
no  stranger  could  ever  find  it.  I  have,  however,  availed  myself  of  the 
means  of  discovering  it;  I  shall  also  blockade  the  mouth  of  French  River 
until  the  fall;  and  those  being  the  only  two  channels  of  communication 
by  which  Mackinac  can  possibly  be  supplied,  and  their  provisions  at  this 
time  being  extremely  short,  I  think  they  will  be  starved  into  a  surrender. 
This  will  also  cut  off  all  supplies  to  the  Northwest  Company,  who  are  now 
nearly  starving,  and  their  furs  on  hand  can  only  find  transportation  by 
the  way  of  Hudson  Bay.     At  this  place  I  calculate  on  falling  iu  with. 


m 


ti 


■ifMiiifrii  iw 


5^  "'^^'*""'  ,  HKM-..  for  a  W  of  provisions. 

,,a  a  message  sent  to  U.^^^^^ 

Very  respectfuily.  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^^^^  ^^,,„,  ^^^  ^^^^^^^^^ 


i'.llon.  WM.  •J^>f;^f 


Score 


KoTK 


;,,;,^ ./  //..  Navy. 


landed  with 


l,is  troops  at  ^vl.at  is 
tiio  fact  thut 


naincd  i'foni 


i  i 


"•  on  entcnn,  .Ke  .ate  on  <  ;-  .  .^f  ,,JIt  of  ti.ube.  yo« 

^'  ul  nt  Vort  Mackinac.  gehooner  and  sent 

balls  in  tl.e  -*>;.,;  ,,,0  body  if  i"  'I'^f^^'.^S'  Tl.e 
ri:;rS:rBea--.e..  and  A.to.,.e  sheets. 


IIISTOHICAI.    KVENT8. 


59 


l*^l^).  \]y  tlio  treaty  of  iknicd  and  Jiinity  lictwccn  (trout 
Jiritiiiii  and  tlH3  United  States,  coticliided  atCiheiit,  lu'luiiun, 
iJoeeniher  L'ltli,  ISlI,  and  signed  by  Lord  (ranihier,  Henry 
Gonllxjurn  and  William  Adams,  on  the  part  of  (ireat 
I'ritain,  and  l)y  John  (^nincy  Adams,  James  A.  llayanl, 
Henry  Clay,  J(»natiian  liussell  and  Albert  (iailatin,  on  the 
j)art  of  the  I'nited  States  (ratifications  cxchan_i;'ed  February 
ITtli,  and  ])roelaimed  February  ISth,  1815),  the  ])ost  of 
Alichilimaekinae  was  a.L^ain  restored  to  the  United  States. 

On  ]\[arch  2Sth,  Lieut. -(Teiieral  Sir  (rordoii  Drunimojid 
sent  a  despatch  from  York  (now  Toronto),  Canada,  to  Lii'ur.- 
(>olonel  Robert  i\rcl)ouall,  of  the  (ileuijjarrv  Liiiht  Infantry 
Fencibles,  commandinji;  Fort  .Macdvinac  and  DependiMicies, 
mnionncino;  the  restoration  of  [»eace  l)etween  Crcat  Dritain 
and  the  I'nited  States.  This  despatch  reached  Mackinac 
May  1st,  and  of  it  Col.  "McDouall  in  a  letter  of  .May  5th,  to 
Colonel  Anthony  Ihitler,  2d  liitles,  commanding-  "  Michiij^an 
Territoi'y  and  District  of  Upper  Canada,''  said,  ''this  was  the 
first  otHcial  communication  1  had  received  from  my  (rovern- 
ment,  announcinii;  the  termination  of  hostilities  and  the  res- 
toration of  the  blessings  of  })eace." 

Vyion  the  receipt  of  the  above  despatch,  Col.  ^IcDouall 
sent  a  detachment  of  troops  to  Drninmond's  Island  to  pre- 
pare for  the  removal  tliither,  of  the  ]\Iackinac  Carrison. 

The  efforts  made  at  all  times  by  Col.  McDonall  to  protect 
American  citizens  and  their  property  from  the  Indians, 
deserve  mention. 

On  the  same  day  and  by  the  same  conveyance  that  Ijrought 
General  Drummond's  despatch.  Col.  AlcDouall  received  a 
letter  from  Col.  Butler,  dated  Detroit,  April  16th,  in  refer- 
ence to  the  reoccupation  of  Fort  Mackinac  by  IT.  S.  troops. 
Col.  McDonall's  reply,  dated  May  5th,  was  conveyed  to  Col. 
Butler  by  Lieut.  Worley,  of  the  Royal  IN'avy. 

The  details  connected  with  the  restoration  of  Fort  Macki- 


Ml 


'--•^^•■■^i^-.Aifih^ 


60 


ANNAL8   OF   FORT   MACKINAC. 


nac  to  the  United  States,  and  of  Fort  Maiden,  Amhcrstbur^ 
and  Isle  anx  Bois  Elanc  to  Great  Britain,  were  arranged 
between  Col.  Anthony  Butler,  on  the  part  of  tlie  United 
States,  and  Lieut.-Colonel  W.  W.  James,  of  the  British 
Infantry,  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain. 

The  United  States  troops  were  withdrawn  from  Fort  Mai- 
den, Amherstbnrg  and  Isle  aux  Bois  Blanc,  at  noon  on  the 
first  day  of  July. 

British  troops,  Col.  McDouall  in  command,  occupied  Fort 
Mackinac  until  noon  July  15th,  when  they  w^ere  relieved  by 
United  States  troops,  consisting  of  tv7o  companies  of  Ilitle- 
men  (Captains  AVilloughby  Morgan  and  Joseph  Kea.i),  and 
half  a  company  (Captain  Benjamin  K.  Pierce's),  of  artillery, 
under  command  of  Colonel  Anthony  Butler. 

These  troops  with  supplies  for  six  months,  left  Detroit 
July  3d,  in  four  vessels  (commanded  by  Lieut.  Samuel 
Woodhouse,  U.  S.  N).,  viz.:  the  U.  S.  sloop  of  war  Niagara, 
the  U.  S.  schooner  Porcupine,  and  two  private  vessels  char- 
tered for  the  trip.  William  Gamble,  Collector  of  Customs 
for  Mackinac,  accompanied  the  troops. 

The  British  withdrew  to  Drummond's  Island  in  the  St. 
Mary's  River,  where  they  established  a  post. 

Colonel  Butler  immediately  returned  to  Detroit,  leaving 
Captain  Willonghby  Morgan  in  command  at  Fort  Mackinac. 

Captain  Morgan  changed  th'^  name  of  Fort  George  to  Fort 
Holmes,  and  for  a  short  time  garrisoned  it  with  a  small 
detachment.  lie  also  appointed  Michael  Dousman,  a  resi- 
dent citizen,  Military  Agent  for  Mackinac. 

Major  Talbot  Chambers,  of  the  Ritlemen,  arrived  at  Fort 
Mackinac,  August  31st,  and  took  command,  relieving  Cap- 
tain Morgan,  who  was  ordered  to  Detroit. 

1816.  Two  companies  of  liifles  left  Fort  Mackinac, 
under  the  command  of  Colonel  John  Miller,  and  established 
Fort  Howard,  at  Green  Bay,  Wis. 


HISTORICAL    EVENTS. 


CI 


St. 


rcsi- 


♦kinac, 
)Ushed 


1819.  First  sLeainboiit  at  Makiiiac,  the  "Walk-in-tlie- 
Water." 

"J  821.  June  2l6t.  In  the  west  end  of  the  l)asenient  of 
the  cottage  on  the  corner  of  Astor  and  Fort  Streets  (then 
used  as  the  retail  store  of  the  Aniericai^  Fur  Co.),  occurred 
an  accident  the  resnli  of  wliieh  is  kn  jwn  to  the  medical 
fraternity  througliout  the  workh  We  refer  to  tlie  acci- 
dental shooting,  in  the  left  side,  of  Alexis  St.  Mar'*:.  ;i 
Canadian,  eighteen  years  of  age,  in  the  employ  c  f  liie 
American  Fnr  Company. 

St.  Martin  was  not  more  than  a  yard  from  the  mu/zle  of 
the  gun,  wliicli  was  loaded  with  powder  and  duck-shot.  To 
be  brief,  a  hole  was  made  into  the  stomach,  which  healed 
but  never  closed.  Through  this  apertnre,  the  action  of  the 
stomach,  on  various  kinds  of  food,  was  observed.  These 
experiments,  extending  thi'ough  a  series  of  years,  gave 
much  valuable  information.  I)r.  Wm.  Beaumont,  at  th:it 
time  the  Post-Surgeon,  attended  the  wounded  man  and 
afterward  made  the  expei'iments. 

1>>2j.  Kev.  AVilliam  Montague  FV'rry,  by  dii-ection  of  the 
United  Forei<:n  Missionary  Society,  established  a  mission 
for  the  Indians  of  the  Xorthwest  at  Mackinac  Isliind,  this 
location  beiuii'  chosen  because  it  was  the  center  of  tho  fur 
trade  ii^  the  Xorthwest. 

Mr.  FY'rj-y  arrived  at  Mackinac  October  IDth,  ami  (.>pened 
school  November  3d,  with  twelve  Indian  children.  At  one 
time  there  were  twenty-f-'ur  assistants,  and  one  hundred  and 
eighty  scholars.  Tim  children  from  the  village  attended  as 
day  scholars,  arid   those  from  the  several  tribes  as  boarders. 

They  were  traiiM^i  in  habits  of  industry,  and  taught  trades, 
and  how  to  cultivat/e  the  soil,  besides  receiving  a  common 
school  education.  The  school  was  first  held  in  the  old  Court 
House.  In  1825,  the  building  now  known  as  the  "  Mission 
House,"  was  erected   for  misi-ionary  and   school   purposes. 


f 


il 


'i-\ 


'f! 

n 


■..^,— ■^■*"rf  »>'P»'«*?.  -■"T- 


62 


ANNAT.S    OF    FOliT   MACTvINAC. 


"»  i 


I    , 


^.       ,    pv  r  S   Senator,  was  born  in  the 
Tlmma^  White  Ferry,  ex  t-  -•  ^ 
Mellon  Honse,  f--^'  ^^j^^.  Mission  CUnrch;'  waserectea 

lS-i*K   May   l^tli. 
4th  Artillery.  -^^  Muckinac  cvacnated. 

1S5T,  Hay2yth.     -on 

Artillery.  Ar,ir.1-in'\c  evacuated.  ,   i   ,  n~,    ft 

A-ut."^t  2a.    Jon  ^f^']^^^^  reoccnncd  by  Co.  e„ 

^nd  Artillery.  AT-.A-inac  evacuated.  .      i    nf 

Ui'\     Anril  28.     ^ort  Mackmae  c  ,    arrived    at 

^^   V  ^  ^M  V    10th     the    steamer    /^^'^y^l^,       s^    Stanton 

Alicli Clin  La\aii>    ''^i^'  .«.  t  ir.ntenant  r.na^   i-  •■-' 'V 

^tte  -Volunteers.*  ^vitU  l" '  ^' ,^^^  *;,"' o  anlain  .T=..ues  ]vm«. 
Seeoml  Liente.uut  Lon.s  ^^^^^^%^„^  'the  following',  d,.- 

September  loth,  i^"-J 


HISTORICAL    EVENTS. 


63 


the    prisoners   taken    to   Detroit,  and    thence   to   Jolmson's 
Ishmd,  Lake  Erie. 

1866,  Aui^nst  od.  Fort  Mackinac  reoccnpied  by  tlie  4th, 
Independent  (yOinj)any,  of  tlie  Veteran  Keserve  Cor])s. 

Anrijnst  2Gth,      Fort  Mackinac  evacuated. 

1867,  Auijust  22(1.  Fort  ]\[ackinac,  reoccnpied  l)y  Co.  B, 
48d  United  States  Infantry. 

1877.  Fatlier  Mar(jnette's  <2:rave  discovered  at  St.  In-nace, 
by  Rev.  Fatlier  P^dward  Jacker. 

1882.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Clinrcli  on  Fort  street, 
built  throuo;li  the  ell'orts  and  under  the  direction  of  liev. 
Mosi^  C.  Stanley. 

1^83.  A  cable  was  laid  by  the  Western  Union  Teleu'rnph 
Co.  to  Mackinac  Island  from  St.  Ij^nace.  (The  latter  place 
is  connected  by  cable  with  Mackinaw  City.)  The  line  was 
opened  July  13,  the  first  message  was  as  follows: 

Mackinac,  Micb.,  July  i:),  IsS:'. 
llox.  Andr^.w  Foley, 

Mdijor  of  St.  I'/nace,  Mich.: 

Please  accept  our  cnnL^ratulntions  on  the  ri>iuplet;on  of  the  link  whicli 
connects  the  oldest  villii,u:e  in  Michii^an  with  the  youngest  city. 
We  wish  your  city  coutinued  prosperity. 

WM.  r.  PRESTOX. 

President  of  Mackinac  Village. 


ais- 

iOU- 

3av- 
wcd 

lUW- 

s  of 
stone 

3'.\VCSt 

udiie 
nfoit- 

\intU 
uated, 


1885.  Three  cotta2:es,  the  first  erected  on  build inu-  lots 
in  the  Mackinac  National  Park,  were  built  by  M]'s.  Phebe 
r>.  Gehr.  M's.  Charlotte  11.  Warren,  of  C]iic;iir'>,  and  Col. 
John  Atkinson,  of  iJetroit. 

The  jifst  lease  by  the  government  of  a  building  lot  in  the 
Park  was  to  Mrs.  Gehr,  the  lease  bearing  date  of  April  1st, 
1885. 

The  price  of  the  leases  for  Park  lots  has  been  fixed  at  ten, 
fifteen  and  twenty-live  dollars  |)er  year,  according  to  the 
location. 


HMIHMi 


64 


ANNALS    OF   FOKT   MACKINAC. 


FRENCH  AND  BRITISH  OFFICERS. 


The  following  nairiod  officers  were  at  Fort  Michiliinackinac 
on  the  dates  given  ;  their  names  are  the  only  ones  (of  Frencli 
and  Ih'itish  oiHcers)  which  appear  in  tlie  old  and  official 
records : 

1742,  12tli  August. 

MoNs.  i)K  Blaixville, 

C'ommaudant  of  Micliilimackiuac. 
1744,  Gth  Jiiuuary. 

MOKS.  DE  VlVEIIEVKT, 

Conimiiuliuit  of  Michiliinackinac. 

1744,  mil  July. 

DE  KaMKI.! A, 

Captain  and  Kini;,-'s  Commandant  at  Xcpigou. 

1745,  nth  July,  and  Ktl.  2:',d  May. 

Dl  I'LErSSIS    1)K  MoilAMPONT, 

King's  Coinii,andant  at  Cammanettigsia. 
1745,  25tli  August,  and  IT  10,  'J'Jtii  .lune. 

XOVELLE,  Jl{., 

Second  iu  Cmnmaud  at  Michilimackiuac.   . 
1745,  25th  August. 

Louis  de  la  Coune. 

Captain  uiici  King's  Comniandant  at  Michilimackinac 

1747,  7tli  Fclrt-uary.  20tii  .June  and  1st  September. 

MOXS.  VK  NOYELLE,  Ji;., 

Commandant  of  jMicliilimackinac. 

1748,  38th  February,  1740,  11th  March  and  21st  June. 

MoNis.  .Iac-qiks  LE(i  viiDEUu  de  St.  Pieuue, 

Captain  and  King's  Conmiaudant  at  Michilimackinac. 

1749,  27th  January. 

Louis  Le(  vudeuu. 

Chevalier  de  l?cpentigny. 

Second  iu  Commanil  at  Slichilimackinac. 


I 


FRENCH    AND   BRITISH    OFFICERS. 


C5 


1749,  29th  August. 

MONS.  GODEFUOY, 

Officer  of  Troops. 

1750,  24th  March,  iiiul  1752,  4th  June. 

MoNS.  DuPLEssis  Faijeu, 

Civptahi  ami  King's  Commandant  at  Michilimackinac. 
Knight  of  the  Rojui  lUul  Military  Order  of  St.  Louis. 

1751,  8th  October. 

MONS.  DUPLESSIS,  Ju., 

Second  in  Command  at  Micliilimaclvinac. 

1752,  4th  June. 

MoNS.  Beau.ieu  de  Villemoxde, 

Captain  and  King's  Commandant  at  Camauitigousa. 

1753,  18th  July,  and  1754,  15th  August. 

MoNS.  jNIarin, 

King's  Commandant,  Post  of  La  Baic. 

1753,  18th  July;  1754,  8tli  :May;  1758,  2:3d  February,  2Uth  Juno,  IGlh  July 

and  17th  October;   1759,  30th  January;  1700,  25th    ■May  and  8th 
September. 

MONS.  DE  BeAUJEU  DE  ViLLEMONDE, 

Captain  and  King's  Commandant  at  Michilimackinac. 

1754,  8th  July,  and  1755,  25th  :May. 

MoNs.  IIeuuin. 

Captain  and  King's  Connnandant  at  i\Iichilimackiiiac, 

1755,  8th  January. 

Louis  Legaiideur, 

Chevalier  de  Repentigny, 

King's  '"'ommandant  at  the  Sault. 

1755,  24tli  August, 

Louis  Legardeuk 

Chevalier  de  Kepentigny, 

Lieutenant  of  Infantry. 

1756,  28th  April. 

Charles  de  L'Anglade, 

OlHcer  of  Troops. 
1750,  19th  June. 

MoNS.  IIehteli-e  Beauijaffin, 

Kii)2:'s  Commandant  at , 


W. 


iCi 


6(3 


ANNALS   OF    FOllT   MACIUNAO. 


'-■!l 


ill 


1756,  lOtli  July. 

MONS.  COUTEROT, 

Lieutenant  of  Infantry. 
1  ""^s  2il  July 

1758,  V6i\i  July. 

Louis  Legardeur, 

Chevalier  dc  Kepenti-ny.       _ 

Ollicer  at  ^licliilimackmac. 

'"'  "  "'^'-  "C'SLanaU,^  M.„iU,nacUiuac  and  Dcpcnaencie. 

1779  to  1782. 

P\TuicK  Sinclair, 

1782  to  1787,  lOth  May. 

"^^'■;5.^;r';Zn,a„m„«  Mic„Ui,™e.inac  and  Dcondoucios. 

1784,  31st  July. 

Ensign  8tb.  or  King's  Reguncnt. 
1784,  31st  July, 

'''^"""^"u:— 8t,>,ovKiu,.Regi.nont. 

1791,  15tli  November. 

Edward  Ciiarleton, 

Captain  5tli  Regiment  Foot,         _ 

Commanding  Michilimackmac. 

1791.  15tli  November. 

J.  M.  Hamilton, 

Ensign  5tb  Regiment  Foot. 

1791,  15lb  November. 

Benjamin  Rociia. 

Lieutenant  5tb  Foot. 

1791,  15tli  November. 
II.  IIeadowe, 

Ensign  5th  Foot. 


V 


LEGEND   OF  "ROBERTSON'S   FOLLY." 


i| 


Captaix  IloBERTSON  wiis  Ji  o^ay  yonn<]:  EnMisli  officer  and 
a  great  admirer  of  the  ladies.  One  pleasant  summer  even- 
ino-,  as  he  was  strolling  in  the  woods  at  the  back  of  the  fort 
enjoying  his  pipe,  ho  suddenly  beheld,  a  few  rods  before 
him  and  just  crossing  his  path,  a  female  of  most  excjuisite 
form,  feature  and  complexion ;  she  seemed  about  nineteen  ; 
was  simply  dressed;  wore  her  long  black  hair  in  flowing 
tresses;  and  as  for  a  moment  she  turned  on  him  her  lustrous 
black  eyes,  her  whole  countenance  lighting  u])  with  anima- 
tion, the  gallant  captain  thought  he  had  never  before  seen 
so  beautiful  a  creature,  lie  politely  dolfed  his  cap  and 
quickened  his  steps,  hoping  to  engage  her  in  conversation. 
She  likewise  hastened,  evidently  with  the  design  of  escaping 
him.  Presently  she  disappeared  around  a  curve  in  the  road, 
and  Hobertson  lost  sii2:ht  of  her. 

At  the  officers'  (piarters  that  night  nothing  was  talked  of 
but  the  young  lady  and  her  possible  identity.  She  was 
clearly  noc  a  native,  and  no  vessel  had  been  known  to  touch 
at  the  island  for  man}^  a  week.  Who  could  she  be  ?  Cap- 
tain Robertson  could  hardly  sleep  that  night.  A  rigid 
inquiry  was  instituted  in  the  village.^  The  only  eifect  was 
to  engender  as  intense  curiosity  in  the  town  as  already 
existed  amono;  the  o-arrison. 

As  the  shades  of  evening  drew  near,  the  captain  was  again 
walking  in  the  pleasant  groves  enjoying  the  delightful  lake 
breezes  and  the  whiff  of  his  favorite  pipe,  ile  was  thiidc- 
ing  of  last  evening's  apparition,  and  blaming  himself  for 
not  pressing  on  more  vigorously,  or  at  least  calling  to  the 


M^>' 


G8 


ANNALS   OF   FORT   MACKINAC. 


ii  . 


■"<  , : 


'  ill  i  1 


fair  spectre.  At  this  moment,  raising  liis  eyes  from  the 
ground,  there  she  was  again,  shiwly  ])receding  liim  at  a  dis- 
tance of  scarcely  moi'c  tlian  thirty  yards.  As  soon  as  his 
astonisliment  AV(jnh.l  pei-.nit,  and  as  s])eedily  as  lie  could 
frame  an  excuse,  he  called  to  he:  ''Mademoiselle,  I — I  beg 
your  pardon." 

She  turned  on  him  one  ii^hince,  her  face  radiant  with  smiles, 
then  redoubled  her  pace.  The  captain  redoubled  his,  and 
soon  broke  into  a  run.  Still  ^he  kept  the  interval  betwee'i 
them  undiminished.  A  bend  of  the  road,  and  again  she  was 
gone.  The  captain  sought  her  quickly,  but  in  vain  ;  he  then 
rushed  back  to  the  fort  and  called  out  a  general  ])osse  of 
otHcers  and  men  to  scour  the  island,  and,  by  capturing  the 
maiden  to  solve  the  mystery.  Though  the  search  was  kept 
u[)  till  a  late  hour  in  the  night,  not  a  'race  could  be  found 
of  her.  The  captain  now  l)egan  to  be  laughed  at,  and  jokes 
were  freely  bandied  at  his  expense. 

Two  days  pnssed  away,  and  the  fantasy  of  Captain  Robert- 
son began  to  be  forgotten  by  his  brother  otlicers,  but  the 
captain  himself  maintained  a  gloomy,  thoughtful  mood — the 
truth  is  he  was  in  love  with  the  woman  he  had  only  twice 
seen,  and  who  he  felt  assured  was  somewhere  secreted  on 
the  island.  Plans  for  her  discovery  revolved  in  his  brain 
day  and  night,  and  visions  of  romance  and  hajipiness  were 
ever  Hitting  before  his  e^'cs.  It  was  on  the  evening  of  the 
second  day  that  he  was  irresistibly  led  to  walk  again  in  the 
shady  path  in  which  the  apparition  had  twice  appeared  to  him. 
It  led  to  the  brow  of  the  precipice  at  the  southeastern  corner 
of  the  island.  lie  had  nearly  reached  the  famous  point 
from  which  we  now  look  down  perpendicularly  12S  feet  into 
the  placid  waters  of  Lake  Huron,  when,  sitting  on  a  large 
stone,  apparently  enjoying  the  magnilicent  scene  spread  out 
before  her,  he  discovered  the  object  of  his  solicitude.  Escape 
from  him  was  now  impossible,  silently  he  stole  up  to  lier. 


K015KIITS0N  S    FOLLY. 


G9 


A  criindiinii^  of  tlie  gravel  under  liis  feet,  liowever,  disturbed 
lier,  and  tiirniug,  lier  eyes  met  liis. 

"Pretty  maiden,  why  tlius  attempt  to  elude  me?  Wiio 
are  you?"  There  was  no  answer,  but  the  hidy  arose  from 
tlie  rock  and  retreated  nearer  tlie  briidc  of  tlie  ju'ecipiee,  at 
the  same  time  ghmcing  to  the  riglit  and  left,  as  if  seeking  a 
loop-hole  of  escape. 

"  Do  not  fear  me,"  said  the  captain,  '•  I  ani  commander  of 
the  i^arrison  at  the  fort  here.  No  harm  shall  come  to  you, 
but  do  pray  tell  me  who  you  are,  and  how  you  came  on  this 
island!" 

The  lady  still  maintain(3d  a  stolid  silence,  but  \n  the  fading 
light  looked  more  beautiful  than  ever.  She  was  n(j\v  stand- 
ing within  thi'ee  feet  of  the  brink  with  her  back  to  the 
terrible  abyss.  The  captain  shuddei'cd  at  the  thought  of  hei' 
making  an  unguarded  step  and  being  dashed  to  pieces  on 
the  rocks  below.  So  he  tried  to  calm  her  fears  lest,  in  her 
agitation,  she  might  precipitate  a  terrible  catastrojdie. 

"  My  dear  young  lady,"  he  began,  "  I  see  you  fear  me, 
and  I  will  leave  you;  but  for  heaven's  sake  do  ])i'ay  tell  me 
your  name  and  where  yon  reside.  Not  a  hair  of  your  head 
shall  be  harnied,  but  Captain  Ilobertson,  your  devoted  ser- 
vant, will  go  through  lire  and  water  to  do  your  commands. 
Once  more,  my  dear  girl,  do  speak  to  me,  if  but  a  word 
before  ^\e  part." 

As  the  captain  warmed  up  in  his  address,  he  incautiously 
advanced  a  step.  The  girl  retreated  another  step,  and  iiow 
stood  where  the  slightest  loss  of  balance  must  prove  her 
death. 

Quick  as  thought,  the  captain  sprang  forward  to  seize  her 
and  avert  so  terrible  a  tragedv,  but  lust  as  he  clutched  her 
arm,  she  threw  herself  backward  into  the  chasm,  drawing 
her  tormentor  and  would-be  savior  wicli  her,  and  both  were 
instantly  dashed  on  to  the  rocks  below. 


•i 


■..•»-,«l(»**/w>— .^ 


70 


ANNALS    or    FORT    M.\(JKINAC. 


1 


His  mangled  remains  were  found  at  the  foot  of  the  preci- 
pice, but,  singular  as  it  may  seem,  not  a  vestige  could  1)0 
found  of  the  woman  foi  whose  life  his  own  had  been  sacri- 
ficed. Tlis  body  alone  could  be  discovered  and  it  was  taken 
np  and  buried  in  a  shady  nook  near  the  middle  of  tlie  island. 
He  was  long  mourned  by  his  men  and  brother  ofTicers,  for 
he  was  much  beloved  for  his  high  social  qualities  and  genial 
deportment;  but  })y  an<l  by  it  began  to  !je  whisjiered  that 
the  captain  had  indulged  too  freely  in  the  fine  old  French 
brandy  that  the  fur  traders  brought  up  from  Montreal,  and 
that  the  lady  he  professed  to  see  was  a  mce  ignis  fataiis  of 
his  own  excited  imagination.  J^>nt  the  mantle  of  charity 
has  been  thrown  ovei*  tlie  tragedy,  and  a  connnonplace 
explanation  given  for  the  name  tlie  rocky  point  has  acquired, 
of  "  lioiiEiiTsoN's  Folly." 


AMIiUlCAN    FUK    CUMrANV. 


7.1 


THE  AMEIilCAN  FUll  COMPANY. 

To  notice  slii^htly  the  orii^nii  of  tlio  Ainci-icau  Fur  Coin- 
pany,  wo  will  say  that  John  .lacob  Astoi',  a  (iennaii  by  birth, 
who  arrived  in  Now  York  in  the  year  17.^4,  comnieiicef) 
work  for  a  bakery  owned  by  a  German  ac(jnaintanee.  He 
was  afterwards  assisted  to  o])en  a  toy  shop,  and  this  was  fob 
lowed  by  tralliekinu!:  for  small  parcels  of  furs  in  flie  conntrv 
towns,  and  which  led  to  his  future  0})eratioiis  in  tiiat  lino. 

Mr.  Astor's  great  and  continued  success  in  that  branch  of 
trade  induced  him,  in  1801),  to  obtain  from  the  New  York 
Legislature  a  cliarter  incorporating  "The  Anierican  Fur 
Company,"  with  a  capital  (»f  a  million  dollars.  It  is  under- 
stood that  Mr.  Astor  comprised  the  company,  thongli  other 
names  were  used  in  its  organization.  In  1811,  AEr,  Astor, 
in  connection  with  certain  })artners  of  the  old  Northwest 
Fur  Company  (wdiose  begiiming  was  in  1783,  and  perma- 
nently organized  in  17S7),  bought  out  the  association  of 
British  merchants  known  as  the  Mackinac  Company,  then  a 
strong  competitor  in  the  fur  trade.  This  jMackinac  Corn- 
par  ,  with  the  American  Fur  Company,  was  merged  into  a 
icv  association  called  the  Southwest  Fur  Company.  lint  in 
1815,  Mr.  Astor  bought  out  the  Southwest  Company,  and  the 
American  Fur  Company  came  again  to  the  front.  In  the 
winter  of  1815-10,  Comrress,  throuij:h  the  inliuonce  of  Mv. 
Astor,  it  is  understood,  passed  an  act  excluding  foreigners 
from  participating  in  the  Indian  trade.  In  1817-18,  the 
American  Fur  Company  brought  a  large  nund)er  of  clerks 
from  Montreal  and  the  United  States  to  Mackinac,  some  of 
whom  made  good  Indian  traders,  wdiile  many  others  failed 
upon  trial  and  were  discharged.  Among  those  who  proved 
their  capability  was  Guidon  '>.  Hubbard,  Esq.,  then  a  youth 


72 


ANNAF.S    OF    FoUT    MACKINAC. 


of  sixteen  the  earliest  residcjiit  of  Chien^iro  now  livin<^  there. 
He  was  Ijoni  in  AVindsor,  Vt.,  in  1802,  un<l  his  parents  were 
Kliznr  and  Abigail  (Sage)  llnhhard.  IJis  ])aternal  eniigraut 
ancestor  was  (leorge  llnhhard,  who  was  at  Wetlierstiehl,  Ct., 
in  Ki;)*;.  Ml*.  IIni)hard  is  also  a  lineal  descendant  of  the 
clergyiuan-governor  Gurdon  Saltonstall  (named  for  Jiranip- 
ton  Gnrdon,  the  pntriot  M.  P.,  wliose  daugliter  M'as  the  grand- 
mother of  the  governor),  who  was  the  great-grandson  of  Sir 
Richard  Saltonstall,  the  lirni  .ihd  ctlicient  friend  of  earlv 
New  Knglaiid. 

We  need,  therefore,  merely  add  liere  that  Mr.  Hubbard 
h'fr  Alontreal,  where  liis  parents  then  lived,  May  13,  ISIS, 
I'caching  Mackinac  Jnly  4tli,  and  iirst  arrived  at  Chicago  on 
the  lust  day  of  October  or  iirst  day  of  November  of  that 
year.  In  lS2s,  he  purchased  of  the  Fur  Com])any  tlieir 
entire  intei'cst  in  the  trade  of  Illinois. 

Having-  ciitin;  cliiirgo  of  llu;  managomciit  of  the  company  in  the  "West, 
Wi'i(;  Ramsey  Crooks  and  Robert  Stuart.  To  Willhun  jMatthews  was 
intrusted  tlie  en  Linking  of  voyageurs  and  clerks  in  Canada,  with  his  liead- 
(luarters  in  iMoiiln.'al.  The  voyageurs  he  took  from  tlie  luibUitutti  (I'arnK'rs); 
young,  active,  alidelic  men  were  sought  h)\\  imleed,  none  but  such  were 
engaged,  and  tliey  passed  under  inspection  of  a  surgeon.  ]\Ir.  ]\[.  also 
jnu'chased  at  Montreal  such  goods  as  were  suited  for  the  trade,  to  load  his 
l):)ats.  These  boats  were  the  Canadian  batteau.v,  principally  used  in  those 
days  in  transferring  goods  to  upper  St.  Lawrence  River  and  its  tributaries, 
tn  inned  by  four  oarsmen  and  u  steersman,  capacity  about  six  tons.  The 
voyageurs  and  clerks  were  under  iiuhintures  for  a  teini  of  five  years 
Wages  of  voyageurs,  $100,  clerks  from  .f  120  to  !j!500  per  annum.  These 
were  all  novices  in  the  business;  the  plan  of  the  company  was  to  arrange 
and  secure  the  services  of  old  traders  and  their  voyageurs,  who,  at  the 
(new)  organization  of  tlie  company  were  in  the  Indian  country,  depending 
on  their  iuliuence  and  knowledge  of  the  trade  witli  tlie  Indians;  and  as 
fast  as  possible  secure  the  vast  trade  iu  the  West  and  Northwest,  within 
the  district  of  the  United  St-  .es,  interspersing  the  novices  brought  from 
Canada  so  as  to  consolida'.o  extend  and  monopolize,  as  far  as  possible, 
over  the  country,  the  India  i  trade.     The  first  two  years  they  had  suo 


AMF.UirAX   FUR   COMPANY. 


78 


ceedi'd  i;i  hringini?  into  their  ciiiploy  scvcii-cij^htli.s  of  the  ohl  Iiidiiiii 
tmdcrs  on  tlio  Upper  3Ii-;sissippl,  Wiibiish  iind  Illinois  Rivers,  Lukes 
Michigiin  and  Supoijor,  and  their  tributaries  as  far  north  as  the  bound- 
aries of  the  United  States  extended.  The  other  eiglith  thought  that  their 
interest  was  to  remain  independent;  toward  sueh,  the  company  selected 
their  best  traders,  and  located  them  in  opposition,  witli  instructions  so  to 
inannge  by  undcrseHln,!^  to  1)rinjj  them  to  terms. 


B:oc!<  House  Built  in  1780. 


e 
e 
c 

f) 

IS 

n 

e, 
o 


At  ^lackinac,  the  trader's  brirades  wen;  ori^u'iizcd,  Uic  company  select- 
ing tlio  most  capable  trader  to  Ijo  the  manager  ot  his  particular  brigade, 
which  consisted  of  from  live  to  twenty  hatteanx,  hidcn  with  g(K)(ls.  This 
chief  or  manager,  when  reaching  the  c'ountry  allotted  to  him,  made 
detachments,  locating  trading-houses,  with  districts  clearly  delined,  for 
the  operations  of  that  particular  post,  and  so  o:i,  until  his  ground  was  fully 
occupied  by  traders  under  lum,  over  whoni  he  had  absolute  authority. 

AYo  will  hero  alliido  to  Mr.  Astor's  attempt  to  establi.sli  an 
American  emporium  for  the  fur  trade  at  the  mouth  of  the 


y 


74 


ANXALS    OF    FOKT    MACKINAC. 


si 


IS?   'j' 


lie 


i:'\ 


I 


Coluiiibia  River,  which  enterprise  failed,  throuf^h  tlie  capture 
of  Astoria  by  tlie  l^ritisli  in  1814,  and  tlie  neglect  of  onr 
government  to  give  him  protection.  The  witlidrawal  of  Mr. 
Astor  from  the  Pacific  coast,  left  the  Northwest  Fur  Com- 
pany to  consider  themselves  the  lords  of  the  country.  They 
did  not  ]ou(j'  eniov  the  field  unmolested,  however.  A  fierce 
competition  ensued  between  tlieni  and  their  old  rivals,  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Com])any,  which  was  carried  on  at  great  cost 
and  sacrifice,  and,  occasionally,  with  the  loss  of  life.  It 
ended  in  the  ruin  of  most  of  the  partners  of  the  Northwest 
Company,  and  merging  of  the  relics  of  that  estal)lishment, 
in  1821,  in  the  I'ival  association, 

Kamsej''  Crooks  ".vas  a  fcjreinost  iiiau  in  llie  employ  of  'Mv.  Astor  in  the 
fur  trade,  not  <uily  iii  the  east,  but  upon  the  western  coast,  nud  has  l)cen 
called  "  the  adveiituious  Rocky  IMoiuitain  trader."'  Iiuiniately  rjonnceted, 
as  Mr.  (Jrooks  was,  with  llu^  .Vnun'iean  Fur  Company,  a  slight  notice  of 
him  wi  1  not  Ix!  out  f)f  place.  ]\Ir.  Crooks  was  a  native  of  Greenock. 
S(M/tland,  and  was  employed  as  a  trader  in  Wisconsin,  as  early  siS  1800. 
He  entered  Am  ser"'ice  of  iAIr.  Astor  in  180!).  In  1813,  lie  returned  from 
his  three  i>'ears'  joiu'ney  to  the  western  coast,  and  in  1817  he  joined  ]\Ir. 
Astor  as  a  part  ner.  and  for  four  or  live  years  ensuimj;  he  was  the  company's 
Mackinac  a^'ent,  tliouiih  residinu'  mostly  in  New  York.  Mv.  Crooks  con- 
tinued a  i)artner  until  1S;!0,  when  this  connection  was  dissolved  and  he 
resumed  his  i)lace  witli  I^Ir.  Astor  in  his  former  cai)acity.  In  IS'oi,  ]\Ir. 
Astor,  being  advanced  in  years,  sold  out  the  stock  of  the  company,  ;uul 
tra!isferred  the  charter  to  Ramsey  Crocjks  and  his  associates,  whereupon 
Mr.  C.  was  elected  president  of  the  company.  Reverses,  however,  com- 
pelled an  a.ssignment  in  184'2,  and  with  if  the  death  of  the  American  Fur 
Company.  In  1845,  ]\Ir.  ('rooks  oi)ened  a  commission  house  for  the  sale 
of  furs  and  skins,  in  New  York  City.  This  business,  which  was  success- 
ful, jNIr.  C.  continued  until  his  death.  Mr.  Crooks  died  in  New  Y'ork, 
June  6,  1859,  in  his  73d  year.     Mr.  Astor  died  in  1848. 

Washington  Irving,  in,  his  'VAstoria,"  gives  a  graphic 
account  of  the  occa^jional  meetings  of  the  partners,  agents 
<and  employes  of  the  old  Northwest  Fur  Company,  at  Mont- 


AMERICAN    I  TK    CO^El'ANY, 


75 


real  and  Fort  Williaiii,  where  they  kept  ]il<j:h  days  and  nig-lits 
of  wassail  and  feasting;  of  son^•  and  tales  of  adventure  and 
hair-breadth  eseaiJes.  J>ut  of  those  lavisli  and  nierrv  lialls 
of  the  ohl  '•  Northwest, "  we  need  snirijest  no  comparison 
witli  the  ac-enev  dv;ellinu-  of  the  American  l-'ur  (.'onnianv  at 
Mackinac,  wliere  the  expenses  charged  for  the  year  lSi>l 
were  only  $GTS.41).  Fn  that  account,  howcvi'i-.  we  notice  the 
following  entries:  01}  gallons  TenerilTe  Wine.  41  gallons 
Port  AYine  ;  10  gallons  best  ^[adeira  ;  Tt'l-  gallons  Red  Wine  ; 
0  gallons  Brandy  ;  oneVarrel  llvur. 


76 


ANNALS    OF    FOKT   MACKINAC. 


MACKINAC   ISLAND 


Is  situated  in  the  Straits  of  the  same  name,  about  four  miles 
east  of  tlio  narrowest  part,  fifteen  miles  from  Lake  Huron, 
and  th'rty  from  Lake  Michii::an  ;  contains  two  thousand  two 
hundred  and  twenty-one  acres,  of  which  the  National  Park 
contains  eigiit  liundred  and  twenty-one  acres,  and  the  Mili- 
tary Keservation  one  hundred  and  tliree  acres. 


' 


A  RAMBLE  THROUGH  FORT  MACKINAC. 


There  are  various  ways  of  ]'ea(,'hing  the  Fort  from  the 
village  ;  probably  the  easiest  is  up  ''the  steps,"  the  view  at 
the  top  being  well  worth  the  l)reath  it  costs  to  reach  it. 

Now  follow  us,  and  we  will  show  you  through  the  Fort: 

This  old  blockdiouse  on  our  left  was  built  in  17S0,  by  the 
Ii>ritish  troops  under  Major  Patrick  Sinclair  ;  beyond,  to  the 
left,  are  two  buihbngs,  officers'  rpiartei's,  built  in  ISTO  ;  pass- 
ing along  towai-d  the  llag-staif,  we  come  to  another  set  of 
officers'  quarters,  built  in  1835,  and  another  old  block-house, 
the  upper  part  of  which  is  used  as  a  reservoir,  into  which 
water  is  ])umped  from  a  spring  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff,  and 
distributed  tlij'ongh  pipes  into  various  buildings.  This  inno- 
vation on  the  olil-time  water-wagon  was  made  in  18S1,  in 
accordance  with  a  plan  devised  by,  and  executed  under  the 
direction  of,  Lieut.  Dwight  II.  Kelton,  10th  U.  S.  Infantry, 
Post-(iuartermaster.     Water  tiriit  pumped  Oct.  11,  18S1. 

While  reinforcing  the  flag-siatf  in  1800,  a  bottle  was 
taken  out  of  the  base,  containing  a  parchmer'.t  upon  which 
was  written : 


KAMliLE    TUiiOLGII    FOKT    MACKINAC 


nh 


'^ 


r 


Headquauteus  I-\)KT  ^Iackinac, 

May  ..',', th,  js.!.:. 

This  flai?-staff  erected  on  tin;  L^■■)th  day  of  May,  IS:!.'),  l)y  •A"  ai;d  "(i' 
Companies,  of  the  id  lieginicnt  of  Infantry,  stationeil  at  this  post. 
The  folU)\ving  Ollicers  of  the  ^d  Infantry  were  present: 


Captain  John  Clil/, 
Captain  E.  Kerby  Barnuni, 
Ist-Lieut.  J.  J.  V).  Kingsbnry  - 
2d-Lieut.  J.  \V.  Penrose.      - 
2d-Lieut.  J.  V.  Bonifoi-d, 
Asst. -Surgeon  Geo.  F.  Tnrner, 
David  Jones,      .        -        .        . 


"A"  Company,  Com'd'g  Post. 

"(4"  ('oin[)a!iy. 

"(r"  Company. 

"(J"  Company,  A.C.S. 

•il"  Company. 

U.S.A. 

Sutler. 


Absent  Ollieers: 
Ist-Licut.  J.  S.  Galhiglier,  "A"  Company,  Adjutant, 
2d-Lieut.  J.  II.  Leavenworth,  "A"  Company,  on  Special  Duty. 
Colonel  Hugh  Brady,  Bvt.-Orig.  General,  Commanding  Left  Wing, 

Eastern  Department,  IIead(iuarters  at  Detroit. 
Lieut. -Colonel   Alexander   Cununings,    Commanding   2d   Kegim-'nt, 

Headquarters  Madison  l>arracks,  Sacket's  Harbor,  New  York, 
President  of  the  United  States,  Andrew  Jack.son. 
Builder    (of    llag-stalf),    Jolin    McCraitli,    Private,    "A"   Conipa;:y, 

2d  Infantry. 

Another  docunient  was  added  and  the  bottle  was  re- 
eiitonibed. 

Going  down  the  steps  to  the  rig'ht,  we  are  bruiiu'ht  face  to 
face  witli  one  of  the  ohl  landmarks  of  this  country,  the  uhl 
stone  officers'  quarters,  built  in  17S0,  witli  walls  from  two 
and  a  half  to  eiu'lit  feet  thick;  foi'iiicrlv  the  windows  had 
iron  bars  across  them.  In  1812  the  l)asement  of  this  build- 
ing and  the  old  block-houses  were  used  as  prisons,  in  wliicli 
Captain  Roberts  detained  the  men  and  larger  boys  of  the 
village,  after  the  capture  of  the  Fort,  until  he  decided  what 
to  do  with  them.  Those  who  took  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  Great  Britain  were  released  and  allowed  to  retui-n  to 
their  homes;  the  others  were  sent  to  Detroit.     Mr.  Michael 


■I, ' 


78 


ANNALS   OF    FOKT   MACKINAC. 


U 


» 


stone  Officers'  Quarters,  Built  1780. 


]M^^ 


EAMBLE    THliOUGll    FUUl    MACKINAl.'. 


:9 


Donsmari  w;us  pcrmittiMl  to  reiuiiiu  nuutiMl  iiiitl  was  not  dis- 
til rl)cd. 

Ill  1S14,  tliu  basLMiient  of  this  l)niUliiiij^  and  the  bhjek- 
liouses  were  used  as  a  phice  of  I'efni^e  for  the  women  and 
cliildren  of  the  viUao-e,  wUWe  the  ve.s.-els  c(»ntainiiio'  the 
American  troo[)S  were  ancliored  off  tlie  ishuid. 

The  old  wooden  buihlini;'  on  our  rin'lit,  now  usccl  as  a 
storehouse,  was  built  for  a  hospital  in  l!S2S  on  the  site  of 
tlie  original  hospital,  built  by  tlie  British. 

Tlie  lone*,  low  wooden  bnihliuLi'  at  the  otlier  end  of  the 
stone-cpiarters,  formerly  olliceis'  quai'ters,  is  now  used  as  a 
storehouse;  facinu-  it  ai*'  the  barracks,  a  two-story  fi'ame- 
biiilding,  bnilt  in  ISrtl),  occupied  by  two  conij)anies  of 
soldiers,  one  on  each  lloor,  with  mess-rooms,  etc.,  complete 
for  each. 

We  come  next  to  the  guard-house,  built  hi  1S2S.  Tiii'ning 
toward  the  barracks,  we  ha\  e  on  our  riglit,  lirst,  the  ('om- 
missary,  built  in  1S7T,  on  the  site  of  the  old  stone-magazine. 

In  the  small  building  adjacent  to  the  CoUHuissary  are  the 
offices  of  vhe  Commanding  OHieer  and  Adjutant,  and  next 
door,  the  office  of  the  Post-(»)nartcrmaster,  which  is  con- 
nected f)y  a  passage-way  with  the  storehouse  beyond;  built 
on  the  site  of  the  postd)akery  of  eai'ly  days. 

Going  up  the  path  from  the  guard-house  we  will  examine 
the  "  reveille  gun/'  and  take  a  glimpse  at  the  magniticent 
view  from  the  gun-platform,  l.ielow,  at  the  foot  of  the 
bluff,  are  the  (xovernment  stables,  blacksmith  shop,  and  gra- 
nary; beyond  them,  the  company  gardens,  whore  the  build- 
ings of  the  United  States  Indian  Agency  stood  in  earlier 
days. 

In  front  of  us  is  Itound  Island,  where,  for  a  long  time, 
there  was  a  l:.rge  Indian   village,  the  only  remnant  of  which 


is  an  Indian  burying  5»"-ound,  on  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
island.     There  is  also  an  old  burying  irrounc 


't?  &' 


on  liois  Blanc 


l»^^**ntA»HttiiM^-*^ 


mm 


HI 


80 


ANNALS    OF    FORT    MACKTNAC. 


^S 


Island.  It  is  a  siiiii'iilar  fact  tliat  all  these  Indian  i^'raves  were 
diii:  due  east  and  west. 

AVaneluiseo,  a  ceiehrated  spiritualist  of  the  Ottawa  tribe, 
lived  on  Round  Island  for  several  years  j»revi(»us  to  his  death, 
V\hlch  occurred  Se)itend)er  o<),  ISoT. 

To  the  left  of   Kou nd  Island  is  IJois  Blanc  Island. 

The  building'  in  oiir  rear  is  the  hospital,  built  in  1S58; 
leaving  it  to  (»r.r  right,  we  pass  another  old  blockdiouse,  and 
over  the  old  north  sallv-port,  just  outside  of  which,  on  July 
17th,  1S12,  the  Ih'itish  troops  stood  in  line  and  presented 
arms  while  Lieuts,  Porter  Hanks  and  Archibald  Darragh 
marched  the  American  troops  out.  with  arms  reversed,  to 
receive  their  paiole  as  j)risonero  of  war. 

Passing  on  we  come  to  the  libi-ai'v  and  readinc:  room. 

When  built,  the  fort  was  enclosed  by  a  stockade  ten  feet 
high,  made  of  cedar  pickets,  into  the  tops  of  which  were 
driven  irons  with  three  sharp  prongs  projecting.  Foi-merly 
all  the  buildings  belonging  to  the  fort  were  within  this 
stockade. 

A  better  idea  of  the  blockhouses  as  they  apj)eared  then, 
and  of  the  stockade,  may  be  obtained  from  the  illustrations, 
which  are  reduced  from  old  drawing's. 

The  old  gates  still  remain  in  place  at  the  south  sally-port, 
near  the  guarddiouse. 

The  Hags  of  three  great  nations  have  successively  floated 
over  the  post  at  Michilimackinac,  which  has  been  the  theatre 
of  many  a  bloody  tragedy.  Its  possession  has  been  disputed 
by  powerful  nations,  and  its  internal  peace  has  continually 
been  made  the  sport  of  Indian  treachery  and  white  man's 
duplicity.  To-day,  chanting  te  deions  beneath  the  ample 
folds  of  the  fcni'-de-lis,  to-morrow  yielding  to  the  power  of 
the  British  lion,  and,  a  few  years  later,  listening  to  the  ex- 
ultant  screams  of   the    American    eagle,    as   the    stars   and 


il^ 


iiAMiiLK  Tiniou<ai  j\)i:i   mackixac. 


81 


stripes  ilo;it  over  the  Ixittlotuents  on  tlio  "  Isle  of  tlie  dancing 
spirits. 

Tlie  historical  rominisccnces  ronderin.f''  it   elnsslc   rrronnd. 


-  -            '^  ;.;-"■;"■/■ 

■■v^ 

and  the  innuy  \vi\<\  tniditions,  peopliiiLi'  each  roel;  ami  u'h'ii 
with  spectral  habitants,  combine  to  throw  around  Mackinac 
an  interest  and  attractiveness  unequalled  by  any  other  place 
on  tlio  TTcstern  Continent. 


82 


ANNALS    OF   FUllT   MACKINAC. 


A^IERICAN  OFFICERS. 

Tlie  followiiii;  naiiu'd  liiive  served  at  F(»rt  Miielvinac*.  The 
year  of  their  arrival,  and  their  actual  rank  at  tliat  time,  are 
given  : 

IT'JO.   Henry  Burbcck, 

"     Abner  Prior, 

"      Ehe'U'zer  Masssiv, 

"      John  .Miehuel, 
18C0.  Kichard  Whiley, 
1802.  Thomas  limit. 

■'     Josiah  Dnnhani, 

"      Francis  Le  Barron, 
1H04.  Jacob  Kina:.sbury, 
1S()7.  Jonathan  Eastman, 
ISOS.   Lewis  Howard,* 

"     Porter  Hanks, 

"     Archibald  Darragh, 
1810.   Syl voter  Day, 
1815.  Anthony  Butler, 

"      Willons^liby  Morgan,        Captain, 


Major, 

Artillerists  and  Eng'rs. 

Captain, 

1st  Infantry. 

Lieutenant, 

Artillerists  and  Eng'rs. 

•  • 

1st  Infantry. 

1st  Lieutenant. 

Artillerists  and  Eng'rs 

]Maj(jr, 

1st 

Caiitain. 

Artillerists  and  Eng'rs 

ISurgeou's  ]Mate. 

Lieut. -Colonel, 

1st  Infi'ntry. 

1st  Lieutenant, 

Arlillerlsls. 

Captain, 

i( 

1st  Lieutenant, 

<( 

2d 

( ( 

Garrison  Surgeon's  >iate. 

Colonel, 

2d  Hi  ties. 

Ilitlenien.. 


:Mi 


nor, 


Talbot  Cliambers, 

Joseph  Kean, 

John  O'Fallon, 

John  Ileddelson, 

James  S.  Gray^ 

^V'illiam  Armstrong, 

William  Hening, 

Benjamin  K.  Pierce,         Captain, 

Robert  McClallan.  Jr.,     1st  Lieutenant, 


Captain, 

1st  Lieuten.iut, 

2d 

2d 

Sur<j;eon's  Mate. 


Artillery, 


"  Lewis  Morgan,  1st 

"  George  S.  Wilkins,  2d 

"  John  S.  Pierce,  2d 

"  Thomas  J.  Baird,  :}d 

ISK;.  John  Miller, 

"  John  McNeil.  Major, 

"  Charles  Gratiot,  " 


oio 


nel. 


3d  Infantry, 

5th 

Enirincers. 


If. 


♦Died  at  Fort  Mackinac,  January  13,  1811. 


AMEKICAN    OFFICERS. 


S3 


I  ■  II 


ISIG.  William  Whistler, 
"     John  CJreetie, 
'•      Daniel  Curtis, 
"     Jnlin  Garland, 
"     Turby  T.  Thomas, 
"      Henry  Conway,  Jr 
"     James  Dean, 

Andrew  Lewis, 
"  Asher  Phillips, 
•'     Edward  Purcell, 

IsiT.  Albion  T.  Crow, 
"     William  S.  Evelcth, 

181S.   Edward  Brooks, 

1S19.  Joseph  P.  Kiissell, 
"      Joseph  Gleasou,!' 
"     William  Lawrence, 


Captain, 

1st  Lieutenant, 

1st 

1st 

1st 

J2d 

Paymaster, 

IIos[)ital  Surgeo 
II  11 

2i\  Lieutenant. 

1st 

Post  Suru'eon. 

1st  Lieutenant, 

Lieut. -Colonel, 


4( 
•  t 

I  t 
i( 


1  i 
i  ( 

1821. 


William  S.  Comstock,      Surgeon's  Mate. 
Peter  T.  January,  2d  Lieutenant, 


1822. 
1S2'.3. 


2d 

Post  Surgeon. 

Captain, 

1st  Lieutenant, 

2d 

2d 

1st 


1S25. 


1827. 


John  Peacock, 

William  Beaumont, 

Thomas  C.  Legate, 

Elijah  Lyon, 

James  A.  Chambers, 

Joshua  B.irney, 

James  M.  Spencer, 

Alexander  C.  W.  Fanning,  Captain, 

William  Whistler, 

Samuel  W.  Hunt, 

Aaron  H.  Wright, 

George  H.  Crosman, 

Stewart  Cowan, 

William  lIolTman, 

Kichard  S.  Satlcrlee, 

Carlos  A.  Wait, 

Seth  Johnson, 

David  Brooks, 

Alexander  K.  Thompson,  Cai)tain, 

James  G.  Allen,  2d  Lieutenant, 

t  Died  at  Fort  Mackinac,  March 


od  Infantiy. 

o(l 

nd 

;5d 

;5d 

:!d 

;}d 

:Jd 

'M 

2's  Mate. 
i< 

Engineers, 
lid  Lifantr}'. 

5th  Infantry^ 

2d 

;j(l 

3d 

ad 

2d  Artillery. 


1st  Lieutenant, 

2d 

2d 

2d 

Captain, 

Assist.  Surgeon. 

2tl  Lieutenant, 

1st 


2d 


it 

It 

1 1 


2d 

2d 

2d 

2d 

3d  Infantry. 

;id 

3d 

Gill 

3d 

2d 

2d  Infantry. 

2d 

2d 

2d 

■■jih 

27,  IS'^O. 


84 


ANNALS    OF    FUlil    MACKINAC. 


1827. 


r, 


1828. 


1829. 


1830. 
1831. 

1832. 


Edwin  James, 
Kpliraiin  K.  Harnuni, 
Edwin  \.  Sunnier, 
Siunuci  T.  llciiit/elmiin, 
Cliarjcs  F.  Morton, 
Sullivan  Hurl)ank, 
l{ol)ert  A.  McCahe, 
"William  i\lc.\ander, 
Aimer  11.  lletzel, 
.Tosiah  II.  Vose, 
James  Engle, 
Amos  Fooler, 
Enos  Cutler, 
Moses  E.  Merrill, 
Epliraiin  Kirby  Smith, 
Isaac  Lynde, 
Caleb  C.  Sibley, 
William  E.  Crnger, 
Louis  T.  Jamison, 
Henry  Clark, 
John  T.  Collinii'^wortb, 
Robert  iMc^Millan, 
George  M.  Brooks, 
Waddy  V.  Cobbs, 
Josejili  S.  Gallagher, 
George  W.  Fatten, 
Thomas  Stockton, 


Assist.  Surgeou. 

1st  Lieutenant, 

2d 

2d 

1st  Lieutenant, 

Cai>laiu, 

1st  Lieutenant, 

2d 

jNIajor, 

2d  Lieuteiuuit, 

2d 

Lieut. -Colonel, 

2d  Lieutenant, 

2d 

2d 

2d 

1st 

2d 

1st 

2d  Lieutenant, 

Assist.  Surgeon, 

Colonel, 

Captain, 

1st  Lieutenant, 

2d 

Bvt.  2d  Lieut., 


(I 


2d  Infantry. 
3d 

2d  Infantry, 

nth 

r.tli 


'It 


Alexander  11.  Thompson,  IMajor, 


1833. 


1834. 


John  B.  F.  Russell, 
William  Whistler, 
Ephraim  K.  Barnum, 
Joseph  II.  Smith, 
James  W.  Fenrose, 
Charles  S.  Frailey, 
George  F.  Turner, 
Jesse  II.  Leavenworth, 
John  Clitz,  |: 


Captain, 

IVIajor, 

Captain, 

1st  Lieutenant, 

2d 

Assist.  Surgeon, 

2d  Lieutenant, 
Captain, 


nth 
2(1 
nth 
nth 

nth 

3d 

nth 
nth 
nth 
nth 
nth 
nth 
nth 
nth 

^ledieal  Department. 

5th  Infantry. 

2d 

2d 

2d 

nth 

Gth 

5th 

2d 

2d 

2d 

2d     .     " 

Medical  Department. 
<<  It 

2d  Infantry. 
2d 


<t 

(( 

<( 

(  c 
l( 


X  Died  at  Fort  Mackinac,  November  7,  1838. 


AMi:ui(AN    oKKK'KKS. 


85 


I 


l8o.").  .lumes  V.  nomforJ, 

Julius  .).  15.  Kingsbury, 
.Miirsona  H.  r.itrick, 
is:}i].   I'.iastux  r>.  Wolcoir. 

"      James  W.  Andcrsou, 
\H>V.l  Samuel  ]\I('Keu/,ic, 

Arnold  10.  Jonc-*, 
HtO.   Harvey  Hrowii, 
"      John  W.  Phelps, 
"      John  C.  Pemhertoa 

1841.  Henry  Holt. 

"      Patrick  II.  Gult. 

Ge()r;;e  C.  Thomas, 
"      George  W.  Getty, 
"      Alexander  Johnston, 

William  Chapniau, 

Spencer  Norvell, 

Henry  Whiting, 
"      John  M.  Jones, 

1842.  Rev.  John  O'lJrien, 
"      Martin  Scott, 

18413.  Levi  H.  HoUk'n. 
"      Mose<  E.  Merrill, 
"      William  Hoot, 
"      Joha  C.  Ilobinson, 

1844.  John  Byrne, 

1845.  Charles  C.  Keeney, 
"      George  C.  Weslcott, 
"      Silas  Casey, 

"      Joseph  P.  Smith, 
"      Fred  Steele, 

1847.  Frazey  JNI.  AVinans, 
"      iMichael  P.  Doyle, 

I\Iorgan  L.  Gage, 
"      Caleb  F.  Davis, 
"      William  F:  Chittenden, 

1848.  William  N.  R.  Beall, 
Charles  H.  Lamard. 


2d  Lieut('r\ant,  :Jd  Infantry. 

l^t  ••  2d 

livt.  ■:  1  IJeut.,  2d 

Assist.  .^urgeoM,  .Meilieal  Department. 

2d  Lieutenant,  M  Infantry. 

('ai)tain,  :.'(1  .\iiilli  ry 

2d  Lieutenant,  2d         '• 

Captain,  4th 

I'^t  Lieuten-mt,  4th 

Id  "  4th 

Assist.  Surtivoii,  Medical  Deiiarfmenl 

Captain,  4th  Artillery, 

1st  Lieulenuiit.  4t!i 

2d  "  iiii 

Captain,  oth  Infantry. 

Isl  Lieutenant,  oih 

2d  •'  nth        " 

2d  "  5th 

Bvt.  2d  Lieut..  5th 

Chaplain. 

Captiin,  ath 

A->-ist.  Surgeon,  Medical  Department 

Captain,  5th  Infantry. 

1st  Lieutenant,  5th        " 

2d  "  5th 

Assist,  Surgeon,  Medical  Dcparlnient. 

<<  <<  It  !• 

2d  Lieutenant,  2d  Lifantry. 

Captain,  2d 

Bvt.  2d  Lieut.,  5lli 
otii 

Captain,  15tli 

2d  Lieutenant,  15th 

Captain,  1st  ^lich.  Vols. 

2d  Lieutenant,  1st 

2d  "  1st 

Bvt.  2d  Lieut.,  4th  Infantry. 

Captain,  4th 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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AXNAL6    OF   VOUT   MACKINAC. 


1840. 

ls.-,0. 
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isr,2. 


18o4. 
1^55. 

isno. 


18.j^ 


1818. 


18.VJ. 


Is0,\ 


i8iir. 

ISOO. 

*  t 

18T0. 
1871. 


Hiram  Dn'cr, 
•Toscph  B.  IJrovvn, 
Joseph  L   Tidbjill, 
Cliavlcs  W.  LaK!>, 
D.iviil  A.  Russell, 
Thomas  Williams, 
(Jcorgo  W.  Rains, 
Jacob  Culhertson, 
Joseph  11.  Bailey, 
Joseph  B.  Brown, 
John  II.  Greland, 
Edward  F.  Baglcy, 
William  R.  Tcrrill, 
Joseph  II.  AVheelock, 
John  Byrne, 
Arnold  Elzey, 
Henry  Benson, 
Guilford  I).  Bailey, 
Henry  C.  Pratl, 
Henry  A.  Smalley, 
John  F.  Head, 
William  A.  Hammond, 
(Teorge  L.  Ilartsuff. 
Grover  S,  Wormer, 
Elias  F.  Sutton, 
Louis  Hartmeyer, 
James  Kuo.k, 
Charles  W.  Le  Boutillier, 
Jerry  N.  Hill, 
Washington  L.  Wood, 
John  ^litchell, 
Edwin  C.  Gaskill, 
Julius  Stommell, 
Leslie  Smith, 
John  Leonard, 
^latthew  Markland. 
Samuel  S.  Jessop, 
Tliomas  Sharp, 


2d  Licuten-ant,  4th  Infnntry. 

Assist.  Surgeon,  IMedieal  Department. 

Bvt.  2(1  Lieut.,  4tli  Infantry. 

Assist.  Surgeon,  jNIedieal  Dep:irtment. 

1st  Lieutenant,  4th  infantry. 

Cai)taii>.  4tli  Artillery, 

1st  Lieutenant,  4tii        " 

2d  "  4tli 

Captain,  INIedicai  Department 

Assist.  Surgeon,         "  " 

1st  IJeutenant,  4tli  Artillery. 

2d  "  4lh         " 

1st  "  4th 

1st  "  4th 

Assist.  Surgeon,  Medical  Department 


Captain, 

2d  Artiller) 

1st  Lieutenant, 

2(1 

2d 

2d 

Captain, 

2(1 

2d  Lieutenant, 

2d 

Captain, 

:Me(lical  De 

1st  Lieutenant,  2d  Artillery. 
Captain,  Stanton  Guards,  ^licii.  Vols. 

1st  Lieutenant,  "  " 

2d  "  "  •* 

Chaplain,  Mich.  Vols. 

Assist.  Surgeon,  1st  Minn.  Tnf'y.  Vols. 

Captain,  Vet.  Res.  Corps. 
2d  Lieutenant,  "  " 

Captain,  4;)d  Infantr3\ 

1st  Lieutenant,  43d        " 

2d  "  43d 

Captain,  1st 

1st  Lieutenaui,  1st 


2d 

Captain, 


1st 

^ledieal  Department, 


1st  Lieutenant,     1st  Infantry. 


'   '!  fi 


AMKKI'JAxV    0FFIUKK8. 


bl 


1872. 
187;3, 
1874. 


1870, 

isrd. 


18- 


1878. 
187!). 


1882. 
1883. 
1884. 


188G. 


William  M.  Notson, 
Ciirlos  Carvalio, 
Cliiirlcs  J.  Dickey, 
John  .Ale A.  Webster, 
J.  Victor  Do  Ilaniie, 
Alfred  L.  I  lough, 
Joseph  Busli, 
Tiioinas  II,  Fisher, 
Fielding  L.  Davies, 
Charles  A.  Webb, 
John  G.  Bal lance, 
Theodore  Mo.sher,  Jr., 
Peter  MofTat, 
Oscar  D.  Ladley, 
Edwin  E.Sellers.g 
Charles  L.  Davi.s, 
Dwight  II.  Kelton, 
Walter  T.  Duggan, 
Bogaidus  Eldridge, 
Edward  II.  Piummer, 
George  W.  Adair, 
AVilliam  II.  Co'.I)usicr, 
John  Adams  Perry, 
George  K.  Brady, 
Green  leaf  A.  Goodalc, 
Edward  B.  Pratt, 
Calvin  D.  Cowles, 
J.  Rozier  Clagelt, 
Stephen  O'Connor, 
Benjamin  C).  Morse, 
William  C.  Manning, 


Captain, 


Medical  Department. 


Captain, 

2d  Lieutenant, 

Cai)t:un, 

Major, 

Captain 

1st  Lieutenant, 

2d 

Captain, 

2d  Lieutenant,     22d 

2d 

Captain, 

1st  Lieutenant, 

Captain, 


22(1  Infantry. 

22(1 

jSIedical  Dc  )artment. 

22(1  I II  Ian  try 

2-d 

22d 

22d 

22d 


•  < 


1st  Lieutenant, 

1st 

2d 

2d 

Captain, 


22d 

^ledical  Department, 

22d  Infantry. 

lOtli 

lOtii 

loth 

lOih 

10th 

10th 

Medical  Department. 


2d  Lieutenant, 
Captain, 

2;5r(l 
1st  Lieu'enant,    2:5r(l 


10th  Infantry. 
2;Jrd 


1st  •'  2;}rd 

1st  "  ^^;jnl 

2d  "  o;.,.,| 

2d  "  2:ird 

Captain,  2;]rd 

§  Died  at  Fort  Mackinac  April  8tli,  1834. 


LEGEND  OF  "LOVER'S  LEAP." 


Many  years  ago,  there  li\e(l  a  warrior  on  this  i.<l;\ii(l  whose 
name  M'as  AVawaiiosh.  Hi;  was  the  chief  of  an  ancient 
family  of  his  tribe,  who  had  presei'ved  the  line  of  chieftain- 
ship unbroken  from  a  remote  time,  and  he  eonsecjuently 
chei'ishcd  a  pride  of  ancestry.  To  the  re])iitation  of  birth 
he  added  the  advantages  of  a  tall  and  commanding  person, 
and  the  dazzling  qualities  of  j)ersonal  strength,  courage  and 
activitv.  IJis  l)Ow  was  noted  for  its  >ize,  and  tlie  feats  lie 
hid  performed  v  irh  it.  His  counsel  was  sought  as  nnich  as 
his  strength  was  feared,  so  that  he  came  to  be  equally 
regarded  as  a  hunter,  a  warrior  and  a  counsellor. 

Such  was  Wawanosh,  to  wiiom  the  united  voice  of  the 
nation  awarded  the  first  ])lace  in  their  esteem,  and  the  higliest 
authority  in  council.  But  distinction,  it  seems,  is  apt  to 
eiiDrender  hau^rhtiness  in  the  hunter  state  as  well  as  civilized 
life.  Pride  was  his  rulin<>'  i>assion,  and  he  cluui!;  with  ten- 
acity  to  the  distinctions  which  he  I'egai'ded  as  an  inheritance. 

Wawanosh  Jiad  an.  only  daughter,  who  had  now  lived  to 
witness  the  budding  of  the  leaves  of  the  eighteenth  spring. 
JJer  father  was  not  moi'c  celebrated  for  his  deeds  of  strength 
than  she  for  her  gentle  virtues,  her  slender  form,  her  full, 
beaming  hazel  eyes,  and  her  dark  and  ilowing  hair. 

Her  hand  was  sought  bv  a  vouni;-  man  of  humble  parent- 
a2;e,  who  luid  no  other  merits  to  recommend  him  but  such  as 
might  arise  from  a  tall  and  commanding  jierson,  a  manly 
step,  and  an  eye  beaming  with  the  tropical  tii'cs  of  youth  and 
love.     These  were  sufficient  to  attract  the  favorable  notice 


"^Wfl 


■l?"">lf""»T" 


90 


ANNALS    OF    FORT   MACKINAC. 


of  the  daiia:litei',  but  were  by  no  means  satisfactory  to  the 
father,  who  sought  an  alliance  more  suitable  to  the  rank  and 
the  high  pretensions  of  liis  family. 

"Listen  to  me,  young  man,"  lie  replied  to  the  trembling 
hunter,  wlio  had  sought  the  interview,  "and  be  attentive  to 
my  words.  You  ask  me  to  bestow  upon  you  my  daughter, 
the  chief  solace  of  my  age,  and  my  clioicest  gift  from  the 
blaster  of  Life.  Others  have  asked  of  me  this  boon,  who 
were  as  young,  as  active  and  as  ai'dent  as  youi'self.  Some  of 
these  persons  have  had  better  claims  to  become  my  son-in- 
law.  Have  you  rellccted  upon  the  deeds  which  have  raised 
me  in  authority,  and  made  my  name  known  to  the  enemies 
of  my  nation  i  AV'^hcre  is  there  a  chief  who  is  not  proud  to 
be  considered  the  friend  of  AV'awanosh?  AVhere,  in  nil  the 
land,  is  there  a  hunter  who  has  excelled  AVawanosh'^  Where 
is  tliore  a  warrior  who  can  boast  the  taking  of  an  equal  num- 
ber of  scalps?  l>esides,  have  you  not  heard  that  my  fathei's 
came  from  the  East,  bearing  the  marks  of  chieftaincy?"'' 

"And  what,  young  man,  have  //ou  to  boast?  JLive  yoa 
ever  met  your  enemies  in  the  Held  of  battle?  llavQ  you 
ever  brought  home  a  tro])hy  of  victory?  ILive  yoic  ever 
proved  your  fortitude  by  suifering  protracted  pain,  enduring 
continued  hunger,  or  sustaining  great  fatigue?  Is  yoiw 
iKiine  known  bevond  the  luimble  limits  of  your  native  vil- 
lage  ?  (to,  then,  young  man,  and  earn  a  name  for  yourself. 
It  is  none  but  the  brave  that  can  ever  hope  to  claim  an 
alliance  with  the  house  of  Wawanosh." 

The  intiuiidated  lover  departed,  but  he  resolved  to  do  a 
<leed  that  should  render  him  worthy  of  the  daughter  of 
Wawanosh,  or  die  in  the  attempt.  He  called  together 
several  of  his  young  ccmpanions  and  equals  in  years,  and 
imparted  to  them  his  design  of  conducting  an  expedition 
against  the  enemy,  and  requested  their  assistance.  Several 
embraced  the  proposal  immediately ;  and,  before  ten  suns 


LKGKNI)    OF    "  LOVER  b    LKAP 


n 


91 


set,  lie  Raw  himself  ut  tlic  lieiui  of  ii  forinidable  jiarty  ot 
vouiig  warriors,  all  eaijjer,  like  himself,  to  «.listin<jjuish  them- 
selves in  battle.  Eaeh  warrior  was  armed,  acconliiiii*  to  the 
custom  of  the  period,  with  a  l)Ow  and  a  quiver  c»f  arrows, 
tipped  with  llint  or  jas])i'r.  Jle  earried  a  sack  or  wallet, 
provided  v.'ith  a  small  (piautit}'  of  parched  and  pounded 
corn,  mixed  with  pemmiean  or  maple-sui>ar.  lie  was  fur- 
nished with  a  Pugtijamaui^un,  or  war-cluh  of  hard  wood, 
fastened  to  a  girdle  of  deerskin,  and  a  stone  or  co])per  knitV'. 
In  addition  to  this,  some  earried  the  ancient  sJieiutKjun,  or 
lance,  a  smooth  pole  about  a  fathom  in  length,  with  a  javelin 
of  llint  Urmly  tied  on  with  deer's  sinews.  Thus  equipped, 
and  each  warrior  painted  in  a  manner  to  suit  his  fancy,  and 
ornamented  with  a])j)ropriate  feathers,  they  repaired  to  the 
s])ot  appointed  for  the  war-dance. 

A  level,  grassy  plain  extended  for  nearly  a  mile  from  the 
lod<re  of  Wawanosh  alonii:  the  lake  shore.  Lodi^-es  of  bark 
were  pi'omiscutmsly  interspersed  over  this  green,  and  here 
and  there  a  solitary  tall  pine.  A  belt  of  yellow  sand  skirVed 
the  lake  shore  in  front,  and  a  tall,  thick  forest  formed  the 
background.  In  the  center  of  this  ])lain  stood  a  high,  shat- 
tered pine,  with  a  clear  space  about,  rejiowiicd  as  the  scene 
of  the  war-danco  time  out  of  mind.  Mere  the  youths  assem- 
bled,  with  their  tall  and  graceful  leadei,  distinguished  l)y  the 
feathers  of  the  bald-eagle,  which  he  wore  on  his  head.  A 
bright  fire  of  pine  wood  blazed  upon  the  green.  lie  led  his 
men  several  times  around  this  lire,  with  a  measured  and 
solemn  chant.  Then  suddeidy  halting,  the  wai'-whoo])  was 
raised,  and  the  dance  immediaiely  began.  An  old  man. 
sitting  at  the  head  of  the  ring,  beat  time  upon  the  drum, 
while  several  of  the  elder  warriors  shook  their  rattles,  and 
"ever  and  anon"  made  the  woods  re-echo  with  their  veils. 

Thus  they  continued  the  dance  for  two  successive  days 
and  nights. 


I  * 


"  3*^^*Pi""f**WlF 


rwm^u^^^ 


^^ 


no 


ANNAL3    OF    FoKT    MACKINAC. 


At  len^tli  tilt!  ]M*o|)lict  iittcM-cd  his  final  jiredictioii  of  suc- 
ces-s;  and  tlu'  warriors  dro]>|»iniz;  oiF,  one  hy  one,  tVoni  Mie 
tire,  took  their  way  to  t'le  i)hiee  a})|)ointed  for  tlio  nnidez- 
voiis,  on  tlie  conlines  of  the  enemy's  country.  Tlieir  k'ader 
was  not  anionu^  tlie  hist  to  depart,  hut  lie  did  not  leave  the 
viiiairc  without  seeking  an  interview  with  thn  diiuii-hter  of 
AVawanosh.  lie  disclosed  to  her  his  firm  Jeterniination 
never  to  return,  unless  he  could  estahlish  his  na?ne  as  a 
warrior.  He  told  her  of  the  j>angs  he  had  felt  at  the  bitter 
re])roaches  of  her  father,  and  de<;lared  tliat  his  soul  spurned 
the  inijiutation  of  eiTenn'naej  and  cowardice  implied  by  his 
languaii:e.  He  averred  that  ho  could  never  be  happy  until 
he  liad  proved  to  the  whole  tribe  the  strenjj^th  of  his  heart. 
He  said  that  his  dreams  had  nut  been  ])i-opiti')US,  but  he 
should  not  cease  to  invoke  the  i)Ower  of  the  Great  Spirit. 
He  repeated  his  ])rotestations  of  inviolable  attachment,  which 
she  returned,  and,  pledgin<^  vows  of  mutual  fidelity,  they 
[)arted. 

That  partinjjf  proved  final.  All  she  ever  heard  from  lier 
lover  after  this  interview  wao  brou<:;ht  by  one  of  his  success- 
ful warriors,  m-jio  said  that  he  liad  distini»;uislied  himself  by 
the  most  heroic  bravery,  but,  at  the  close  of  the  fight,  he 
had  received  an  arrow  in  his  breast.  The  enemy  fled,  leaviiii; 
many  of  their  wai-riors  dead  on  the  field.  On  examining; 
tiie  wound,  it  was  perceived  to  be  beyond  their  power  to 
cure.  They  carried  him  toward  home  a  day's  journey,  but 
he  lan<j:uished  and  expired  in  the  arms  of  his  friends.  From 
the  moment  the  report  v;as  received,  no  smile  was  ever  seen 
in  the  once  happy  lodge  of  Wawanosh.  His  daughter  pined 
away  by  day  and  by  night.  Tf.-ars,  sighs  and  lamentation 
were  heard  continually.  Nothing  could  restore  her  lost 
serenity  of  mind.  Persuasives  and  reproofs  were  alternately 
employed,  but  employed  in  vain.  She  would  seek  a  snques- 
tered   spot,   where  she   would   sit   and   sing   her  mournful 


LEGEND    OF    "  LOVEK  8    LEAP. 


?' 


1)3 


laments   for   liours    together.      Passai^es   of    tliese   are    yet 
repeated  by  tradition,  one  of  wliicli  we  give: 


fill 


THE  LOON'S  FOOT. 

I  thought  it  was  the  loon's  foot.  I  saw  hcneatli  the  tiile, 
15ut  no — it  was  my  lover's  shining  paddle  I  espied; 
It  was  my  lover's  paddle,  as  my  glance  I  upwanl  cast, 
That  dipped  s(»  light  and  graeel'ully  as  oer  the  lake  I  passed. 
The  loon's  foot — the  loon's  foot, 

'Tis  graceful  on  the  sea; 
But  not  so  light  and  joyous  as 
That  padille-blade  to  me. 

My  eyes  were  bent  upon  the  wave,  I  east  them  not  aside, 
And  thought  I  saw  the  loon's  foot  beneath  the  silver  tide. 
But  rh!  my  eyes  deceived  me— for  as  rny  glance  I  cast, 
It  was  my  lover's  paddle-blade  that  dipped  so  light  and  last. 
The  loon's  foot — the  loon's  foot 

'Tis  sweet  and  fair  to  see; 
But,  oh,  my  lover's  paddle-blade. 
Is  sweeter  far  to  me. 

The  lake's  wave — the  long  wave — the  l)illow  bier  and  free, 
It  wafts  me  up  and  down,  within  my  yellow  light  caiux-; 
But  while  I  see  beneath  heaven  pictured  as  I  speed. 
It  is  that  beauteous  paddle-blade  that  makes  it  heaven  indeed. 
The  loon's  foot— the  loon's  foot, 

The  bird  upon  the  sea, 
Ah!  it  is  not  so  beauteous 
As  that  paddle-blade  to  me. 

It  was  not  lon<>:  before  a  small  bird  of  beautiful  i)lumaire 
flew  upon  the  roek  on  which  she  usuallv  sat.  This  mvsteri- 
ous  visitor,  which,  from  its  sweet  and  artless  notes,  is  called 
Chileeli,  seemed  to  rcs])orid  in  sympathy  to  her  plaintive 
voice.  It  was  a  strancjo  bird,  such  as  had  not  before  been 
observed.     It  came  every   day   and   remained   chanting    its 


■■^-iif^- 


94 


ANNAL8    UP    FOKT    MACKINAC. 


notes  till  nightfall  ;  and  wlion  it  left  its  })er('li,  it  seemed, 
from  the  delieate  ))lay  of  the  colors  of  its  plninau^o,  as  if  it 
had  taken  its  lines  from  the  rainhow.  Ilcr  fond  imagination 
soon  led  her  to  suppose  it  was  the  spirit  of  her  lover,  and 
her  visits  to  the  lonely  rock  were  repeated  more  frequently. 
She  ))assed  much  of  her  time  in  fastin<j^  and  sinii!;in^  her 
plaintive  sonus.  There  she  ])ined  away,  takinj^  little  nour- 
ishment, and  constantly  desiring  to  ])ass  away  to  that  land  of 
ex})ecied  hiiss  and  frcicdom  from  care,  where  it  is  believed 
that  the  spirits  of  men  will  be  aji;ai?i  reunited,  and  tread 
over  lields  of  flowery  enjoyment.  One  evenini;,  her  lifeless 
bodv  was  found  at  the  foot  of  the  rock,  but  when  death 
came  to  her,  it  was  not  as  the  bearer  of  gloom  and  regi'ets, 
but  as  the  herald  of  happiness. 


EARLY   MICHIGAN. 


TiiK  lirst  I']ui-oi)(.';ui  Si.'ttleiiient  within  the  limits  of  the 
Stato  of   Micliiiraii  was  bv  t]i(3  Fruiu^h. 

In  Kl-M,  Kathei's  (^harles  Jlavnil)ault  ami  Isaac  Joiruos, 
upon  the  invitation  of  the  Ojibwa,  visited  the  rapivls  of  tiic 
St.  Plan's  Ilivir.  Untoward  circumstances  prevented  the 
estahlishment  of  a  mis'^ion. 

The  first  wliite  nu'ii  wlio  passed  tiie  ra])ids,  enteretl  Lake 
Superior,  and  coasted  alonj;'  the  whole  extent  of  the  south- 
ern shore  of  Lake  Superior,  were  Des  Groseillers  (famous 
for  his  later  exploits  (»ii  Hudson  Ijay)  and  another  young 
Frenchman.  They  spent  the  winter  of  1<>.V.)-G0  in  Northern 
Wisconsin  and  Eastern  Minnesota,  and  in  the  following  sum- 
mer returned  to  Canada  with  three  hundred  Indians  and 
200,000  livres'  worth  of  fur. 

Father  Kenatns  (Rene)  Menard  was  the  lirst  .lesuit  who 
labored  for  some  time  among  the  Indians  in  Upper  Michigan. 

His  stay  on  Keweenaw  J  Jay  lasted  from  October  loth, 
1600,  to  July  13tli,  lOGL  About  a  month  later  he  perished 
during  an  attempt  to  reach  the  Huron  Settlement  on  the 
headwaters  of  the  Bla(,'k  liiver  (Wisconsin). 

In  1GG5,  Father  Allouez  coasted  along  the  south  shore  of 
Lake  Superior  on  his  way  to  Shagawamigong  (Chegoime- 
gong),  where  be  founded  a  mission.  Its  site  was  at  the  head 
of  Ashland  Bay,  Wisconsin. 

In  IGGS,  Father  James  Marquette  reached  the  Sault,  where 
he  was  ioined  bv  Father  Claudius  Dablon.  The  settlement 
of  Michigan  begins  at  this  period. 


X 


90 


ANNAL8    OF    KOUT    MACKINAC. 


5 
t 


ITihIcm"  tiio  Frciuili  and  I'ritiKli  doiniuion,  tlic  territory  was 
assooiatcHl  with  tliu  (.'anadas,  hut  hecaiiio  part  of  the  territory 
of  V'ir^iuia  at  the  close  of  the  war  of  iiKlependence,  aIthoii<^h 
it  wart  not  formally  occupied  hy  the  United  States':  until  1790. 
Vir^-inia  had  in  the  nu'antiine  ceded  to  the  United  States  all 
of  her  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio  Kiver,  and  Con<;ress, 
by  the  historical  "Ordinance  of  1787,"  passed  July  lJ5th  of 
that  year,  provided  for  its  f;overnnient  as  the  "  Nortiiwest 
lerntory. 

The  first  seat  of  i^overninent  of  the  Northwest  Territory 
was  at  Chillicothe,  Ohi(».  I5y  act  of  Coniijress  of  May  7th, 
ISOO,  the  territory  was  divided,  preparatory  to  the  admission 
of  Ohio  into  the  Union  as  a  State,  and  the  "Indiana  Terri- 
tory" was  erected,  with  the  seat  of  government  at  Vincennef', 
Indiana.  ]>y  act  of  January,  lSo5,  the  Territory  of  Michi- 
gan was  set  off  from  the  Indiana  Territory,  the  scat  of  gov- 
ernment being  established,  at  Detroit.  ]>y  this  act,  the 
Bouthei'n  boundary  of  ]\[ichigan  was  fixed  by  a  line  drawn 
due  east  from  the  southerly  bend  or  extreme  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan until  it  intersects  Lake  Erie,  and  the  western  boundary 
througli  Lake  Michigan  and  thence  due  north  to  the  north- 
ern bouudai'v  of  the  United  States,  This  included  on  the 
south  a  stri])  of  territory,  now  forming  a  part  of  the  State 
of  Ohio,  r.nd  did  iiot  include  the  northern  or  U])per  Penin- 
sula of  the  now  State  of  Micliigan. 

Li  the  year  1S35,  the  people  of  Michigan  took  steps  for 
forming  a  State  (Tovernment.  The  admission  of  the  State 
into  the  Union  was  delayed  until  1837,  chiefly  in  consequence 
of  a  disagreement  in  regard  to  the  southern  boundary ;  the 
State  of  Ohio  Ir^ying  claim  to  the  strip  of  territory  previously 
referred  to,  which  it  was  claimed  on  the  other  hand  was 
within  the  Territory  of  JMichigan,  and  which  embraces  within 
its  limits  the  present  City  of  Toledo.  The  dispute  at  one 
time  threatened  an  armed  collision,  and  military  forces  were 


EAUr.Y    MICIIIOAN. 


07 


iiiiistenjil  on  hoth  sides,  in  what  is  popularly  known  as  the 
''Toledo  war."  The  diHuMilfy  was  settled  hy  the  act  of 
CongrjHs  of  June,  I8.'i<»,  lixini^  the  disi)uted  houndary  in 
accordance  with  the  claim  of  Ohio,  givinj;;  to  Michiga!i, 
instead,  the  territory  known  as  the  Upper  Peninsula. 

The  seat  of  governuient  reniiuned  at  Detroit  until  1847, 
wlion  it  was  removed  to  liansini;. 

The  land  area  of  the  State  comprises  two  natural  divisions 
known  as  the  Upper  and  Lower  Peninsulas,  and  the  adjacent 
isLinds. 

The  ir])per  Peninsula  contains  14,451,450  acres. 

The  Lower  Peninsula  contains  21,(577,184  acres. 

Tiierc  arc  179  islands  included  within  the  boundaries  of 
the  State,  varyinir  in  area  from  one  acre  upward,  their  totiil 
area  l)ein«j;  404,730  acres. 

Bois-iilanc  Jslaiui  contains  '21,351  acres. 

Ilound  Island  contains  ISO  acres. 

Mackinac  Island  contains  2,221  acres. 


r 


hk. 


98 


ANNALS    OF   FORT    MACKINAC. 


GOVERNORS  OF  MICHIGAN. 


UlVDEIl  FRENCH   DOMINION. 


'I 

■  1      a 

'  i 


Samuel  Ciiamplain, 
^i.  de  montmagny, 

M.    D'Ali.LEBOCT, 

M.  DE  Lai  SON 

M.  DE  Lauson  (son), 

31.  d'Aii.lki5out, 

M.  d'Akgknson, 

Bakon  d'Aval'oour, 

M.  DE  Mesey,      .... 

m.  de  courcelle, 

Count  de  Frontenac, 

3[.    DE  LA   BaRRE, 

Marquis  de  Denonville, 
Count  de  Frontenac, 
M.  de  Callieres, 
M.  DE  Vaudreuil, 
M.  DE  Beauiiarnois, 
M.   DE  Galipsoniere, 

31.    DE   I. A   JONQUIERE, 

M.    DU    QUESNE,  .  .  .  . 

yi.  DE  Vaudreuil  de  Cavagn.\c, 


UNDER   liRITISH   DOMINION. 

James  ^Icrray, 

Guy  Carletox,  

Frederick  IIaldimand,         .... 

Henry  Hamilton, 

Lord  Dorchester,         ..... 


1622- 

1680- 

1648- 

1651- 

1656- 

1657- 

1658- 

1661- 

1663- 

1665- 

1672- 

1682- 

1685- 

1689- 

1699- 

170;5- 

1726- 

1747 

17-19 

i7o2 

1755 


10:}5 
1647 
1650 
1656 
1657 
■1658 
■1660 
■1663 
■1665 
-1672 
-1682 
■1685 
■1689 
•1698 
■1703 
■1725 
■1747 
-174u 
-1752 
-1755 
-1763 


1763-1767 
1768-1777 
1777-1785 
1785-1786 
1786-1796 


Arthur  St.  Clair, 


territorial  governors. 
NorthiDcst  Territory. 


1796-1800 


p:arly  MICH ig ax. 

Indiana  Territory. 
VViLLiAM  Henuy  IIauiuson, 

MicJiifjan  Territory. 
William  Hull, 

Lewis  Ca.ss, 

George  B.  Pouteu,* 

Stevens  T.  Mason,  ex  officio, 

UNDER   state   AUTlIGKITy. 

Stevens  P.  Mason 

William  AVoodbuidge, 

J.  WuiGiiT  Gordon, t         .        . 

John  S.  Barry, 

Alpheus  Felch, 

William  L.  Greenly.]  .... 

Ei'APHHODiTus  Ransom 

John  S.  Barry, 

K0!JERT  McCl  .i.LAND 

Andrew  Parsons,! 

Kinsley  S.  Bingham. 

Moses  Wisner, 

Austin  Blair 

Henry  II.  Crapo,  .... 

Henry  P.  Baldwin, 

John  J.  Bagley, 

Charles  M.  Croswell, 

David  H.  Jerome, 

JosiAH  W.  Begole 

llussell  A.  Alger, 

*  Died  while  in  office,  July  G,  1834,  and  was  succeeded  b: 
the  Territory,  Stevens  T.  Mason. 

+  Lieutenant  Governor  acting  as  Governor. 


99 


.     1800-1805 


1805-1 ^la 
1813-18:31 
1831-1834 
1834-1835 


.  I! 


1835-1840 
.  1840-1841 

1 

• 

1841-1843 
.  1843-1840 

1840-1847 
.  1847-1848 

1848-1850 

i 

. 

.  1850-1852 

1853-1853 

.  1853-1855 

1855-1850 

. 

.  1«59-18G1 

18G1-18G5 

. 

. 

.  18G5-18G'J 

i-.lii 

1809-1873 

' 

. 

.  1873-1877 

1877-1881 

5. 

• 

.  1881-1883 

t  _ 

1883-1884 

» 

•       • 

.  1885-1880 

! 

7  the  then  Secretary  of 


00 


X> 


PIPIMPI"Kf>P"""!P""'^ff!^^i^ 


ivji II I  ji.  ^1 


if 


ANNALS    OF    FOUT    MACKINAC. 


101 


NATIONAL  PARK— ISLAND  OF  MACKINAC. 


ly 


On  March  11th,  1873,  IL.ii.  T.  AV.  Fcny,  Senator  from 
Michigan,  introduced  in  the  Senate  tlie  following: 

Resolved,  That  so  much  of  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  lyhig  in  the  Straits 
of  ^Mackinac,  within  the  County  of  Mackinac,  in  the  State  of  ^Michip'au, 
as  is  now  hekl  by  the  United  States  under  military  reservation  or  other- 
wise (excepting  the  Fort  Mackinac  and  so  much  of  the  present  reservation 
thereof  as  bounds  it  to  the  south  of  the  village  of  Mackinac,  and  to  the 
west,  north  and  east  respectively  by  lines  drawn  north  and  south,  cast 
and  west,  at  a  distance  from  tlie  present  fort  flag-stall*  of  four  liundred 
yards),  hereby  is  reserved  and  withdrawn  from  settlement,  occupancy, 
or  sale  under  tlie  laws  of  the  UnUed  States,  and  dedicated  and  set  apart 
as  a  National  public  park,  or  grounds,  for  health,  comfort  and  pleasure, 
for  uie  benefit  and  enjoyment  of  the  people;  and  all  persons  who  shall 
locate  or  settle  upon  or  occupy  the  same,  or  any  part  tliercof,  e.'vcept  as 
herein  provided,  shall  be  considered  trespassers,  and  removed  therefrom. 

That  said  public  park  shall  be  under  the  exclusive  control  of  the  Sec" 
retary  of  War,  whose  duty  it  shall  be,  as  soon  as  practicable,  to  n\akc 
and  publish  such  rules  and  regulations  as  he  may  deem  necessary  or 
proper  for  the  care  and  management  of  the  same.  Such  regulations 
shall  provide  for  the  preservation  from  injury  or  spoliation  of  all  timber, 
mineral  deposits,  natural  riu'iosities,  or  wonders  within  suid  park,  and 
their  retention  in  their  natural  condition.  The  Secretary  may,  in  his 
discretion,  grant  leases,  for  building  purposes,  of  small  purcels  of  ground, 
at  such  places  in  said  park  as  shall  reiiuire  the  erection  of  buildings  for 
the  accommodation  of  visitors,  for  terms  not  exceeding  ten  years;  all  of 
the  proceeds  of  said  leases,  and  all  other  revenues  derived  from  any 
source  connected  with  saiil  park,  to  be  expended  under  his  direction,  in 
the  management  of  the  same  and  in  the  construction  of  roads  and  bridle- 
paths therein.  He  shall  provide  against  the  wanton  destruction  of  game 
or  fish  found  within  said  park,  and  against  their  capture  or  destruction 
for  any  purposes  of  use  or  profit.  He  also  shall  cause  all  persons  tres- 
passing upon  the  same,  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  to  be  removed  there- 
from, and  generally  shall  be  authorized  to  take  all  such  measures  as  shall 


102 


ANNALS    OV    FOKT   MACKINAC. 


i 

■A 


be  necessary  or  proper  to  fully  carry  out  the  objects  and  purposes  of  this 
act. 

That  any  part  of  the  park  hereby  created  shall  at  all  times  be  available 
for  military  purposes,  either  as  a  parade  or  drill  gioinul,  in  time  of  peace, 
or  for  complete  occupation  in  time  of  Avar,  or  whenever  war  is  expected, 
and  may  also  be  used  for  the  erection  of  any  public  buildings  or  works: 
Provided,  That  no  per.-on  shall  ever  claim  or  receive  of  the  United  States 
any  damage  on  account  of  any  future  amendment  or  repeal  of  this  act, 
or  the  taking  of  said  park,  or  any  part  thereof,  for  public  purposes  or  use. 

Senator  Ferry  did  not  forget  liis  work  or  neglect  liis  oppor- 
tunities, and  on  Marcli  3d,  1S75,  after  a  two  years'  struggle, 
lie  finally  procured  the  passage  of  the  Act  for  the  Mackinac 
National  Park,  ilis  regard  for  this  spot — his  birthplace  and 
boyhood  home — led  him  to  advocate  his  park  bill  at  all  times 
and  places,  until  his  fellow-members  dubbed  it  "  Ferry's 
Park/' 


The  following  are  the  approved  Kules  and  Regulations  for 
the  Park  at  Mackinac: 

I.  Mackinac  Park  will  be  under  the  immediate  control  and  manage- 
ment of  the  commaading-ollicer  of  Fort  Mackinac,  who  is  charged  with 
the  duty  of  preserving  order,  protecting  the  public  property  therein,  and 
enforcing  these  rules. 

II.  All  tenants  renting  under  the  Act  of  Congress  providing  therefor 
must  conform  to,  and  abide  by,  such  rules  and  regulations  as  are  pre- 
scribed for  the  care  of  the  park,  and  will  be  held  responsible  for  a  com- 
pliance with  the  same  on  tlie  part  of  the  memberis  of  their  families,  their 
agents  and  employes." 

III.  Tiic  sale  of  wines  and  malt  or  spirituous  liquors  on  the  park, 
without  special  authority  from  the  commanding-offlcer  of  Fort  Mackinac, 
or  higher  military  authority,  is  prohibited. 

ly.  No  person  shall  put  cattle,  swine,  horses  or  other  animals  on  the 
park,  except  as  follows: 

The  cows  belonging  to  the  residents  of  the  Island  of  Mackinac  may  be 
placed  in  a  herd,  under  th",  care  of  a  herder,  and  be  permitted  to  graze  in 


y 


NATIONAL    PARK. 


103 


such  parts  of  tlie  park  as  may  be  designated  by  the  commaiuling-omcei- 
of  Fort  Mackinac. 

V.     Racing  or  riding  and  driving  at  great  speed  is  proliibitcd. 

Vr.  No  person  shall  indulge  in  any  threatening,  abusive,  insultinfr  or 
indecent  language  in  the  park. 

VII.  No  person  ahall  commit  any  obscene  or  indecent  act  in  the  park. 

VIII.  No  frays,  quarn^ls,  or  disorders  of  any  kind  will  be  permitted 
in  the  park. 

IX.  No  person  shall  carry  or  discharge  fire-arms  in  the  park. 

X.  No  person  shall  injure  or  deface  the  trees,  shrul)s,  turf,  natural 
curiosities,  or  any  of  the  buildings,  fences,  bridges  or  other  structures 
within  tlie  i)ark. 

XI.  No  person  shall  injure,  deface  or  destroy  any  notices,  rules  or 
regulations  for  flie  government  of  tlie  park,  posted,  or  in  any  other  man 
uer  permanently  fixed,  by  order  or  permission  of  the  authorities  of  the 
park. 

XII.  No  person  shall  wantonly  destroy  any  game  or  fish  within  tlie 
park,  nor  capture  nor  destroy  the  same  for  any  jnirposes  of  use  or  profit. 

XIII.  Any  person  who  shall  violate  any  of  these  Rules  and  Regula- 
tions shall  be  ejected  from  the  park  by  military  authority,  and  in  case 
the  person  so  offending  shall  have  committed  any  offence  in  violation  of 
any  of  the  statutes  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the  State  of  Micliigau. 
the  offender  shall  be  proceeded  against  before  the  United  States  or  State 
courts,  according  to  the  laws  pre  /iding  for  the  same. 

XIV.  The  commanding-of!icer  of  Fort  Mackinac  may,  at  any  time, 
add  to  or  modify  these  Rules,  subject  to  the  ai)proval  of  the  Secretary  of 
^Var. 

When  the  Park  was  snrveyecl,  lots  were  set  apart  for  1)iiild- 
ing  purposes  in  tlie  followiiiir  places:  oii  tlie  blnff  near 
"Robertson's  Folly;"  on  the  bluff  on  the  northwest  side  of 
the  island,  and  on  the  bluff  e.xtendin<^-  from  the  old  Indian 
bnrying-ground  along  by  "  Pontiac's  Lookout." 


AfF' 


'"sBsasssstfSSSSWf. 


mppKiii 


I 


1 


iM 


rj 


1. 


LEGEND  OF  "ARCH  ROCK." 


After  tlie  Gitclio  Maiiitou  had  called  into  existence  the 
beautiful  Island  of  ]\[ackinac  and  c-iveu  it  into  tlie  care  of 
the  kindred  spirits  of  eartli,  air  and  water,  and  liad  told 
tlieni  it  was  only  to  be  the  abode  of  })eace  and  quiet,  it  was 
so  pleasant  in  his  own  eyes  that  he  thoui^ht,  "Here  will  I 
also  come  to  dwell,  tliis  shall  be  my  abode  and  my  children 
may  come  and  worship  me  here.  Here  in  the  depths  of  the 
beautiful  forest  they  shall  come." 

Then  callinij^  his  messengers,  he  bade  them  iiy  to  all  lands 
of  heat  and  noise  and  troublous  insects,  and  tell  tlie  sulferiui::: 
ones  of  every  race  and  clime  that  in  these  northern  waters 
was  a  ])lace  prepared  where  they  could  com*j  and  rest,  leaving 
all  care  behind. 

In  the  straits  of  Mackinac, 
In  the  clear  pellucid  wave, 
Sitting  like  an  emerald  gem, 
Is  the  rock-girt  Fairy  Isle. 

Round  its  bold  and  craggy  share 
Sweep  the  billows  far  and  wide, 
With  a  gentle  sinuous  swell, 
And  the  moan  of  distant  seas. 

Blue  its  waters,  blue  the  sky, 
Soft  the  west  wind  from  afar 
Movin<T  o'er  the  scented  i?rass, 
And  the  many  myriad  flowers. 

The  cool  invigorating  breezes  shall  bring  health  and  elasti- 
city to  the  weak  and  weary.      Here  disease  shall  not  dare 

105 


"^^ 


106 


ANNALS    OF    FUKT    MACKINAC. 


inviide  the  ple;isant  felons  or  boiiutifal  hilltops.  Here  let  them 
come  iiiul  receive  my  blessing. 

"Ye  sliiill  also  tell  the  strani^^or  friends,  who  may  come  to 
seek  nie,  that  my  royal  huuling  is  on  the  eastern  shore;  there 
shall  they  draw  up  the  canoes  upon  the  pebbly  beac-h  under 
the  shadow  of  the  Aiicnioi)  Ctati-:\vay.  Under  the  Akuii 
which  they  can  see  from  afar,  let  them  come  with  songs  of 
rejoicing — neither  night  or  d.iy  shall  it  be  closed  to  anj'  one 
who  may  seek  me.  Let  them  laud  before  it  and  pass  through 
it  and  uscend  to  my  dwelling,  and  worship  before  me. 

AVheu  the  great  spirit  made  known  his  wish  to  dwell  with 
men,  all  nature  seemed  to  rejoice  and  to  make  preparations 
for  his  abode. 

The  tallest  trees  claimed  the  privilege  of  being  the  poles 
of  his  wigwam,  and  sweet  balsam  firs  laid  themselves  at  his 
feet  for  use. 

Tlio  birch  trees  unsheathed  themselves  and  sent  their  ba'k 
in  all  its  soft  creamy  whiteness  to  form  the  outside  covering. 

The  trees  of  the  forest  all  vied  with  each  other  in  seeking 
a  i>lace  in  the  future  home  of  the  Gitche  Manitou. 

Scarcely  had  the  poles  fitted  themselves  into  their  places, 
and  the  birch  bark  unrolled  itself  and  arranged  its  cliuixino: 
sheets  in  orderly  rows  upon  the  outside,  when  the  noise  of 
distant  paddles  was  heard  from  the  lake — swiftly  and  gaily 
they  drew  near,  guided  by  the  spirits  of  earth,  air  and  water. 
Never  had  such  a  sight  been  witnessed  on  this  earth. 

The  Gitche  Manitou,  went  to  meet  them,  and  stood  upon 
the  Akcu  and  upheld  his  hands  in  blessing. 

As  his  children  unloaded  their  offerings  of  beaver,  white- 
bear  and  other  skins,  they  marched  in  procession  up  to  the 
gateway  and  fell  upon  their  knees  and  offered  their  thanks 
to  the  great  spirit  for  the  happy  privilege  of  contributing  to 
the  comforts  of  his  earthly  home. 


LEGEND   OF    "  ARCH    ROuK." 


"  Yes,  my  cliildron  dear,  my  loved  ones, 
I  am  liere  in  joy  and  gladness. 
Here  to  live  in  peace  among  you. 
I  have  come  to  teach  you  wisdom 
In  the  arts  of  love  and  living. 
I  accept  your  native  ofFerings, 
These  white  bear,  and  fox  skin>  silvery, 
Shall  a  couch  of  warmth  and  comfort' 
INIake  for  me  when  anMind  my  fire, 
1  am  resting  from  my  labors. 
Of  the  beaver  skins  and  otters 
They  shall  line  'die  wigwam  smoothly, 
So  Iva-bi-bo-nok-ka,  the  north  wind,' 
Ne'er  shall  peej)  or  whistle  thro'  them. 
Enter  in  my  gateway  ]»roudly, 
And  ascend  my  staircase  slowly, 
And  see  the  home  of  the  (Jreat' Spirit, 
Where  he  dwells  among  his  children." 


lo: 


} 


*. . 


They  did  as  he  commanded,  and  when  they  were  about  to 
return  he  thus  addressed  them: 

"  Xow,  mv  children,  as  vou  leave  me. 

Til"  "       .  .  ' 

rortJi  to  go  upon  your  join-neymgs, 
'^fell  to  all  who  know  and  love  me, 
That  whenever  a  chieftain 
Wooes  and  weds  a  dark-eyed  maiden, 
lie  shall  bring  her  here  before  mo, 
Gay  with  garlands,  sweet  with  roses. 
With  the  sound  of  music  fleeting 
Far  and  near  from  every  islet 
That  lies  sleeping  in  these  waters, 
In  these  glittering,  dark  green  waters. 
Sweetest  strains  of  music  blending 
Shall  salute  them,  as  the  billows 
Of  the  mighty  lake  of  wonders 
Bears  them  onward  to  the  portals, 
Where  my  blessing  will  await  them, 
And  as  long  as  they  thus  serve  me 
I  will  dwell  upon  this  island, 
Henceforth  blessing  youth  and  maiden 
Joined  in  closest  bonds  of  wedlock. 


.■,.;mimn 


(qnm 


^Q3  LEGEND   OF    "ARCH    KOCK." 

But,  if  in  the  coming  seasons, 
Some  foul  spirit  roams  amons  >'«"» 
And  destroys  my  loving  cluMren, 
This  fair  home  that  I  have  built 
Shall  beeome  a  rocky  fastness, 
Where  thev  all  may  tly  for  shelter 
And  be  safe  in  my  protection. 

M.nv    n.any   years   have    passed.      The  wigwam   ot  the 
alt  Spirit  has   been  transmuted    into  stone,  and  is  now 

known  as  the  Pyiiamid.  .  . 

The  AKcnKO  (Gateway  ean  still  be  seen  as  in  ane.ent  tune,, 
with  its  portals  guarded  by  tall  green  sentinels. 


> 


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LEGEND  OF  MACKINAC  ISLAND. 


TriKiiE  (moo  lived  an  Iiuliiin  in  t!i(*  Ti«»rtli,  wlio  liad  ten 
daiiii'literr;,  ail  of  wiioiii  m'c'W  up  to  woiMiuiiiood.  They  were 
iitjted  t'ortlu'ir  l)eaury,  l)ut  e.sjx'cially  Oweeiiee,  tiie  yoniij;-est, 
who  was  very  independent  in  her  way  of  tliinlvini::.  ^^^^ 
was  a  _iz;reat  a<linirer  of  romantic  i)laces,  and  paiil  very  little 
attention  to  the  numerous  younL?  men  who  canu)  to  her 
father's  Iodide  for  the  purpose  of  seeinir  her.  Her  elder  sis- 
ters were  all  solicited  in  marriai^e  from  their  parents,  and  one 
after  another  went  oti  to  dwell  in  the  Iodides  of  their  liushands, 
Imt  she  would  listen  to  no  proposals  of  the  kind.  At  last  she 
married  an  old  man  called  Osseo,who  was  scarcely  able  to  walk, 
and  too  poor  to  have  tliini^s  like  others.  They  jeered  and 
laughed  at  her  on  all  sides,  hut  she  seemed  to  he  (piite  happy, 
and  said  to  them,  "  It  is  my  choice,  an<l  you  will  see  in  the  end 
who  has  acted  the  wisest."  Soon  after,  the  sisters  and  their 
husbands  and  their  parents  were  all  invited  to  a  feast,  and 
as  they  walked  alon<z:  the  path,  they  could  not  help  })ityinnj 
their  young  and  handsome  sister,  who  had  such  an  unsuitable 
mate.  Osseo  often  stoppetl  and  gazed  ui)\vard,  bur  they 
could  perceive  nothing  in  the  direction  lie  looked,  unless  it 
was  the  faint  glimmering  of  the  evening  star.  They  heard 
him  muttering  to  himself  as  they  went  along,  and  one  of  the 
elder  sisters  caught  the  words,  "Sho-wain-ne-me-shin  nosa."* 
"  Poor  old  man,"  said  she,  *'  he  is  talking  to  his  father,  what 
a  pity  it  is  that  he  would  not  fall  and  break  his  neck,  that 
our  sister  might  have  a  handsome  young  husband."     Fies- 

*Pity  uie,  my  father, 
liiil 


iM 


mm, 


112 


ANNALS    OF   FORT    MACKINAC. 


ently  they  passed  a  large  liollow  log,  lying  with  one  end  to- 
ward the  path.  The  moinent  Osseo,  who  was  of  the  turtle 
totem,  came  to  it,  he  stopped  short,  uttered  a  loud  and 
peculiar  yell,  and  then  dashing  into  one  end  of  the  log,  he 
came  out  at  the  other,  a  most  beantifnl  young  man,  and 
springing  back  to  the  road,  he  led  oli'  the  party  witli  steps 
as  hVht  as  the  reindeer.  But  on  turnino;  round  to  look  for 
his  wife,  behold,  she  had  been  changed  into  an  old,  decrepit 
woman,  who  was  bent  almost  double,  and  walked  with  a 
cane.  The  husband,  however,  treated  her  very  kindly,  as 
she  had  done  him  during  the  time  of  his  enchantment,  and 
constantly  addressed  her  by  the  term  of  ne-ne-moosh-a,  or 
my  sweet-heart. 

When  they  came  to  the  hunter's  lodge  with  whom  thev 
were  to  feast,  they  found  the  feast  ready  prepared,  and  as 
soon  as  their  entertainer  liad  finished  his  harangue  (in  which 
he  told  them  his  feastini*:  was  in  honor  of  the  Eveninic  or 
Woman's  Star),  they  began  to  partake  of  the  portion  dealt 
out,  according  to  age  and  character,  to  each  one.  The  food 
Vv'as  very  delicious,  and  they  were  all  happy  but  Osseo,  who 
looked  at  his  wife  and  then  gazed  upward,  as  if  he  was 
looking  in.to  the  substance  of  the  sky.  Sounds  were  soon 
heard,  as  if  from  far-oif  voices  in  the  air,  and  they  became 
plainer  and  plainer,  till  he  could  clearly  distinguish  some  of 
the  words." 

"My  son — my  son,"  said  the  voice,  "I  have  seen  your 
afflictions  and  pity  your  wants.  I  come  to  call  you  away 
from  a  scene  that  is  stained  with  blood  and  tears.  The 
earth  is  full  of  sorrows.  Giants  and  sorcerers,  the  enemies 
of  mankind,  walk  abroad  in  it,  and  are  scattered  through- 
out its  length.  Every  night  they  are  lifting  their  voices  to 
the  Power  of  Evil,  and  every  day  they  make  themselves 
busy  in  casting  evil  in  the  hunter's  path.  You  have  long 
been  their  victim,  but  shall  be  their  victim  no  more.     The 


%-iT;.^s-  '^..v-;^!!';.';'-!;'-'' '   'H^^^h 


I.KGEXD   OF    MACKINAC   ISLAND. 


113 


spell  yon  were  under  is  broken.  Vonr  c/il  crenius  is  over- 
come. I  have  cast  iiini  down  by  my  superior  streiio-tl),  and 
tliis  strength.  I  now  exert  for  your  happiness.  Ascend, 
my  son — ascend  into  tlie  skies,  and  partake  of  the  feast  1 
have  prepared  for  yon  in  tiie  stars,  and  bring  witli  yon  those 
3'ou  love. 

"Tlie  food  set  ])ofovG  yon  is  enchanted  and  1)lcsscd. 
Fear  not  to  partake  of  it.  It  is  endowed  with  magic  power 
to  give  inimortalitv  to  mortals,  and  to  chanii-e  men  to 
spirits.  Your  l)owls  and  kettles  shall  be  no  longer  wood 
and  earth.  The  one  shall  became  silver,  and  the  other 
wampnm.  They  shall  shine  like  lire,  and  glisU^n  like  the 
most  beautiful  scarlet.  Every  female  shall  also  change  her 
state  and  looks,  and  no  longer  be  doomed  to  lab()ri(»us 
tasks.  She  shall  put  on  tlu;  beauty  of  the  starlight,  and 
become  a  shining  bird  of  the  air,  clothed  with  shining 
feathers.  She  shall  dance  and  not  work — she  shall  sing 
and  not  cry." 

"My  beams,"  continued  the  voice,  "shine  faintly  on  your 
lodge,  but  they  have  ])ower  to  transform  it  into  the  light- 
ness of  the  skies,  and  decorate  it  with  the  colors  of  the 
cloiids.  Come,  Osseo,  my  son,  and  dwell  no  longer  on 
earth.  Think  stronjj^lv  on  my  words,  and  look  stead  fast  Iv  at 
my  beams.  My  power  is  now  at  its  height.  Doubt  not — 
delay  not.  It  is  the  voice  of  the  Spirit  of  the  stars  that 
calls  yon  away  to  ha]ipiiK'ss  and  celestial  rest." 

The  words  were  intelligible  to  Osseo,  but  his  comp;n-.i(»ns 
thought  them  some  far-off  sounds  of  music,  or  birds  singing 
in  the  woods.  Very  soon  the  lodge  began  to  sliake  and 
tremble,  and  they  felt  it  rising  into  the  air.  It  was  too  late 
to  run  out,  they  were  already  as  high  as  the  toj^s  of  the 
trees.  Osseo  looked  around  as  the  lodge  passed  through 
the  topmost  boughs,  and  behold !  their  Avooden  dishes  were 
changed  into  shells  of  a  scarlet  color,  the  poles  of  the  lodge 


4:| 


114 


ANNALS    OF   FOKT   MACKINAC. 


7 


to  glittering  wires  of  silver,  and  the  bark  that  covered  thein 
into  the  gorijeous  wings  of  insects.  A  moment  more,  and 
his  brothers  and  sisters,  and  their  parents  and  friends,  were 
transformed  into  birds  of  various  plumage.  Some  were 
jays,  some  partridges  and  pigeons,  and  others  gay  singing 
birds,  wlio  hopped  about,  displaying  their  glittering  feathers, 
and  singing  their  song.  But  Oweenee  still  kept  her  earthly 
garb,  and  exhibited  all  the  indications  of  extreme  age.  lie 
again  cast  his  eyes  in  the  direction  of  the  clouds,  and 
uttered  that  peculiar  yell,  which  had  given  him  the  victory 
at  the  hollow  log.  In  a  moment  the  youth  and  beauty  of 
his  wife  returned;  her  dii:gy  garments  assumed  the  shining 
appearance  of  green  silk,  and  her  cane  was  changed  into  a 
silver  feather.  The  lodge  again  shook  and  trembled,  for 
they  were  now  passing  through  the  uppermost  clouds,  and 
they  immediately  after  found  themselves  in  the  Evening 
Star,  the  residence  of  Osseo's  father. 

"  My  son,"  said  the  old  man,  "  hang  that  cage  of  birds, 
which  you  have  brought  along  in  your  hand,  at  the  door, 
and  I  will  inform  you  why  you  and  your  wife  have  l)een 
sent  for."  Osseo  obeyed  the  directions ;  and  then  took  his 
seat  in  the  lodge.  "  Pity  was  shown  to  yon,"  resumed  the 
king  of  the  star,  "on  account  of  the  contempt  of  your 
wife's  sisters,  who  laughed  at  her  ill  fortune,  and  ridiculed 
you  while  you  were  under  the  power  of  that  wicked  spirit, 
whom  you  overcame  at  the  log.  That  spirit  lives  in  the 
next  lodge,  being  a  small  star  you  see  on  the  left  of  mine, 
and  he  has  always  felt  envious  of  my  family,  because  we 
had  greater  power  than  he  had,  and  especially  on  account 
of  our  having  had  the  care  committed  to  us  of  the  female 
world.  lie  failed  in  several  attempts  to  destroy  your 
brothers-in-law  and  sisters-in-law,  but  succeeded  at  last  in 
transforming  yourself  and  your  wife  into  decrepit  old  per- 
sons.    You  must  be  careful  and  not  let  the  liirht  of   his 


LEGEND   OF   MACKINAC    ISLAND. 


115 


beams  fall  on  you  while  you  are  here,  for  therein  is  the 
power  of  his  enchantment;  a  ray  of  lii^ht  is  tlie  bow  and 
arrow  he  uses." 

Osseo  lived  liappy  and  contented  in  the  parental  Iodide, 
and  in  due  time  his  wife  presented  him  with  a  j^on,  Avho 
grew  up  rapidly,  and  was  the  image  of  his  fatl.cM-.  lie  was 
very  quick  and  ready  in  learn in<j^  every thiii:^^  that  was  done 
in  his  grandfather's  dominions,  but  he  wished  also  to  learn 
the  art  of  hunting,  for  he  had  heard  this  was  a  favoi-ite 
pursuit  below.  To  gratify  him,  his  father  made  him  a  bow 
and  arrows,  and  he  then  let  the  birds  out  of  tlie  cage  that 
he  might  practise  in  shooting.  lie  soon  became  an  expert, 
and  the  very  iirst  day  brought  down  a  l)ird,  but  when  lie 
went  to  pick  it  up,  to  his  amazement,  it  was  a  beautiful 
young  woman  with  the  arrow  sticking  in  her  breast.  It 
was  one  of  his  aunts.  The  moment  her  blood  fell  u])on 
the  surface  of  that  pure  and  spotless  planet,  the  charm  was 
dissolved.  The  boy  immediately  found  himself  sinking,  l)ut 
was  partly  upheld,  by  something  like  wings,  till  he  passed 
through  the  lower  clouds,  and  he  then  suihlenly  dropped 
upon  a  high,  romantic  island,  lla  was  pleased  on  look- 
ing up  to  see  all  his  aunts  and  uncles  following  him  in 
the  form  of  birds,  and  he  soon  discovered  the  silver  lodge, 
with  his  father  and  mother,  descending  with  its  waving 
barks  looking  like  so  many  insects'  gilded  wings.  It  rested 
on  the  hiijchest  cliffs  of  the  island,  and  here  thev  fixed  their 
residence.  They  all  resumed  their  natural  shajn's^  \mt  were 
diminished  to  the  shoot  fairies;  as  a  mark  of  homage  to 
the  King  of  the  Evening  Star,  they  never  fail,  on  every 
pleasant  evening  during  the  sununer  season,  to  join  hands 
and  dance  upon  the  top  of  the  rocks.  These  rocks  were 
(piickly  observed  by  the  Indians  to  be  covered,  in  moonlight 
evenings,  with  a  larger  sort  of  Puk  AYudj  Ininees,  or  little 
men,   and   were   called    Mlsh-in-e-niok-ln-oh-oiiy,    or   turtle 


110 


ANNALS   OF    FORT   MACKINAC. 


lodge  can  be  seen  n  «  -  -  '^  ^,^  ,.„^^^,^  „,„i  t,,ose  wl,o 
S:r  tS^S'eiiiS'rS.  ea,,  >.e.  tUe  voices  of  t„e 
happy  little  dancers. 


ANCIENT  NAMES  OF  RIVERS,  LAKES,  ETC. 


"  H 


Lale  Ontario.— Q\v\\\\y^V\\\\  cjilled  it  ''Lac  St.  Louis;'' 
Count  de  Front^iuic,  in  1074,  called  it  ''  Ontario  ;''  on  San- 
son's map,  1(370,  it  ajipoars  ''Ontario  ou  Lac  de  St.  Louis ; " 
it  liad  also  the  name  "  Frontenac ; ''  Hennepin  called  it 
"  Ontario  or  L-^roiitenac ;''  Tonti  and  Father  JMenibre  call  it 
"Lake  Frontenac ;""  on  Do  L'Isle's  maps,  1700  and  1703,  it 
appears  as  ''Lac  Ontario.'' 

Lake  Fric. — This  name,  says  JNIr.  Baldwin,  was  dei'ivod 
from  the  tril)e  of  Eries,  on  the  south  shore;  the  same  tribe 
was  also  called  the  Cat  nation.  Hennepin  called  it  "  7i/vV,"' 
also  "Contij;  "  and  Sanson's  map,  1079,  ijjives  it  "  Frie  Lac ;  '' 
Membre  called  it  " de  Conty;"  De  L'Isle's  maps  irive  it 
"Lac  Frie:' 

Lake   LLuron.  —  Champlain    called    it    '' Mer    Douce;" 
Father   Membre,    as   well    as   Hennepin,    called    it    ''  La,. 
Orleans;"  De  L'lsle  maps,  1703  and  171S,  i^nvc  it  '' Lmc 
LLuron  ou  Michigane ;"  on  his  map  of  1700,  it  appears  as 
"  L.  des  LLurons." 

LaJte  Sujjerior. — Marquette's  map  aives  it  "  Lmc  Superieur 
ou  de  Tracy ;"  Ilennopiu  called  it  ''Lake  Conde ;"  on  De 
Ulsle's  maps  it  is  "Lmc  Superieur ;"  Senex's  map.  1710, 
and  Coxe's  of  1721,  call  it  "  Nadouessians." 

Lake  Michigan. — Marquette,  Dablon,  and  LaSallc,  called 
it  the  lake  of  the  "Llinois;"  Chmdc  Alloncz,  in  1070, 
reached  this  lake  on  the  eve  of  St.  Joseph  ;  he  said  "  we 
Cfive  it  the  name  of  that  great  Saint,  and  shall  henceforth 

[117] 


iMtiMil 


118 


ANNALS   OF    FORT    MACKINAC. 


call  it  "  Lake  St.  Joseph; "  Allouez  was  the  first  to  give 
it  the  name  of  '-''Lake  Machihiyaning;  "  LaSalle  and  Father 
Meuibre  call  it  ''^  Lake  Dauphin  ;''^  St.  Cosme  called  it 
''^Miesitgan^''  and  also  '•^  Missigan  ;''''  Marest  was  one  of  the 
first  to  call  it  Lake  Michigan. 

Note. — The  name  as  spelled  by  Allouez  comes  nearest  the 
Indian  pronounciation,  which  is  Mashiiganing  or  Mishii- 
ganing^  the  double  i  beini^  pronounceu  e-e. 

The  term  signifies  "a  clearing:,"  and  was  first  applied  to 
the  north-western  shores  of  Lower  Michigan  where  there 
w^ere  large  ancient  clearings. 

Lake  St.  Clair. — Hennepin  wrote  it  ^^St.Clare  f  on  the 
map  of  De  L'Isle,  of  170),  it  is  "Z.  de  Ste.  Claire  f^  on  his 
maps  of  1703  and  1718,  it  appears  ^''Lac  Ganatchio  ou  Ste. 
Claire."*^  Shea  sajs  "it  received  its  name  in  honor  of  the 
founder  of  the  Franciscan  nuns,  from  the  fact  that  LaSallc 
reached  it  on  the  day  consecrated  to  her." 

Mississippi  River. — One  or  more  of  the  outlets  of  this 
river  was  discovered  in  tlie  year  1519,  by  the  Spanish  officer, 
Don  Alonzo  Alvarez  Pineda;  he  named  the  river  "i?Z(9 
del  Espiritii  SantoP  De  Soto  named  it  '-^El  Liio  Grande 
del  Florida.''^  Marquette,  on  his  map,  gave  it  the  name 
"  de  la    Conception ; "    he   also    used   the    name   Missipi. 

LaSalle,  Menibrc,  Hennepin,  and  Douay  called  it  the  ''^Col- 
hert;^^  Joutel  said  the  Indians  called  it  '■^  Meechassippi ;  ^^ 
but  he  called  it  the  '"^Colbert  or  Mississippi f^  on  De  L' Isle's 
map  it  is  ^^Mississijjp}l''^  and  ^^S.  Louis  f^  Allouez  first  speaks 
of  it  as  ^^Ifessipi "  and  again  as  the  ^^ Messi-sipi  /"  St.  Cosme 
calls  it  '^Micissipi.^^ 

Note. — The  name  of  the  river,  in  the  principal  Algonquin 
dialects,  is  "  Mlshisihi  "   (pronounced  Me-she-se-he)  meaning 
"  large  river." 
.     The  translation  "  Father  of  Waters  "  is  a  poetical  license. 


L 


ANCIENT   NAMES   OF    RIVERS,    LAKES,    ETC. 


110 


.  " 


JIissou/'l  Rn:e}'.—'Miu'quotte  called  it  tlio  ''PekUanoili,^^ 
meanini,^  imuhhj  water;  the  Recollects  called  it  ^^  the  River 
of  Ozagesf^  Membre  called  it  the  ''Ozagef'  on  Do  L' Isle's 
maps,  1703,  1718,  it  is  '■He  Missouri  on  de  R.  Pr'kUdtionl;'''' 
Coxe  called  it  "  Yellow  River,''^  or  ''River  of  ike  JIasso rites.''' 

Ohio  River. — Marquette  called  the  lower  Ohio  "Oaahons- 
klgou;-^  Joutel  called  it  "-Douo  or  xVmehaf  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio  to  the  Wabash  and  up  that  *<tr(Mim  was  known 
as  the  ''Ouahache^''  so  it  was  called  by  ^lembre,  St.  Cosme, 
and  Lallontan.  Above  the  Wabash,  the  ()hio  was  more 
particularly  known  as  "■Ohio  on  Belle  Riviere.^''  the  river 
is  so  called  on  De  L'lsle's  map,  1703.  Evans,  in  1755,  calls 
it  "  Ohio  or  Alleghany  or  La  Belle." 

Illinois  River. — Marquette  speaks  of  it,  but  gave  it  no 
name;  on  Franquelin's  map  it  appears  "■Riviere  des  Illnois 
ou  ^lacoplnsf  LaSalle  called  it  the  '■'Selgidai;''''  Fathers 
Hennepin  and  Membre  the  "Self/iieknj;''  Dablon  not  only 
applied  to  one  of  the  ui)per-  branches  of  the  Illinois  (the 
Desplaines)  the  name  "'St.  Loals,''  but  to  th.e  continuation, 
the  Illinois  itself ;  Coxe  called  it  the  "C/doar/ou;'''  De  L'lsle's 
map,  1718,  gives  it  "  Rlv.  dcs  lllnolsJ^ 

Des  Plaines  River. —  LaSalle,  in  1G8(),  called  the  Des- 
plaines the  "Divine  River  f  Membre  and  Charlevoix  did 
the  same.  La  Salle  afterward,  however,  called  it  the  "Che- 
cagou^''  Dablon  called  it  "iSt.  Louis  Rlrer,^''  including, 
perhaps,  the  continuation,  the  Illinois;  Franquelin's  map, 
1684,  gives  it  "PeiDighlchia."'  The  river  was  frequently 
called  the  " Chicago u;''''  see  De  L'lsle's  map,  1718,  and 
D'Anville's,  1755. 


Ch^i 


an 


d   River.  —  Marquette    called    it    "Portage 


ncago, 
River  y" 
locality,   but   his    Oheoago   River   was  generally  the    Des- 


LaSalle    applies    the    name    "  Checago^''    to    this 


-.*^i| 


',1 


120 


ANNALS    OF    FORT   MACKL'.'AC. 


M 


plainer';  Fraiiqiielin's  map,  1084,  gives  to  tliis  localit)'  or 
river  tlie  iiaiiie  of  '''' Cheagouinehiaii^''  and  to  another  stream 
"/i\  Clicl'LUioiif  Tonty,  in  1685,  says  tliat  lie  arrived  at  tlic 
^'•Fortof  Checagou.''''  St.  Cosme  calls  it  "  Chihagou^''  ^'Chi- 
cagu^''  '•'•CJnc(((iw,^^  and  also  "  CldcagSP  Lallojitan,  1703, 
lias  it  "  Chegakou.''^  Senex,  1710,  gives  it  '•''Checagoiif'*  Do 
L'Isle's  maps  have  it  "  GliecagouJ''  also  "  CJiicagoxc  f  Moll, 
1720,  gives  it  "  ChehxkoiL; "  Charlevoix,  "  CliicagouP 
Col.  Do  Peystcr  speaks  of  it  as  ''''Escliecagou^''  and  again 
as  ''^EscliicagoiL^  a  river  and  Fort  at  the  head  of  Lake 
]\Iichigan."  J^opple's  atlas,  1733,  has  it  ^''Fort  MkiDiis 
ou  Ouamis;''''  ]\[itchell,  1755,  "A*,  and  Port  Chicagou,^''  and 
Sayer  <k  Bennett's  map,  1797,  says  '^Point  Chicago  RlcerP 

Sandnshj  Bag. — On  De  L'Isle's  map,  1718,  it  appears 
"Z«c  Sa7i-doic-s7ie.^^ 

Saginaio  Bay. — On  De  L'Isle's  maps,  1703  and  1718,  it 
appears  ^'•Bage  de  Saguina,''''  and  ^^Bage  Saguinamf  Coxo 
called  it  the  ^^Sahlnam.''^ 

Note. —  "-^  Osaginang^''  or  '-'' Osaldnang^''  is  the  Indian 
name,  derived  from  "  Osagi^''  or  "  Osaki.'^^ 

The  Sacs  lived  on  the  Saginaw  and  Titibewasso  before 
removing  to  AVisconsin. 

Pattei'soii's  Point. — A  rocky  point  of  land  on  the  north 
chore  of  Lake  Michigan,  some  sixty  miles  from  Mackinac,  is 
so-called,  from  the  fact  that  Mr.  Charles  Patterson,  one  of 
the  principal  members  of  the  Northwest  Fnr  Company,  with 
all  his  crew,  was  there  drowned  abont  the  year  1788. 

Marquette  River. — On  De  L'Isle's  map,  1703,  it  is  "i?. 
Marquet ;'''*  Charlevoix  called  it  ''' River  Marquette^''  or 
*•  River  of  the  Black  RoheP 

hie  Royal,  Lake  Sujyerior. — On  De  L'Isle's  maps,  1700 
and  1703,  it  appears  "7.  Monong  ;  "  Coxe  calls  it  ^^Minong.''^ 
NoTK. — ^^  Minong^"*  is  the  Indian  name. 


A 


ANCIENT    NAMES    OF    UIVEKS,    LAKES,    ETC 


J21 


I 


Midiilimackinac. — ^laniuetto  culled  it  "  MickUiinalil- 
noiuji^''  Hennepin  and  Menihre  speak  of  it  as  "'' MlssUl- 
makinak  i^^  Jontel  called  it  "  M icllunaquindi/  ;  "  De  L'Isle's 
map,  1703,  calls  it  ^'^  Isle  ct  Ildhitdtion  de  J\I/.s.\'ilinidkhiac.'" 

Note. — Manjuettc  came  nearest  the  Indian  pi-uMunciatiou 
of  the  word,  which  is  ^^  Jlishhrhna/i in ((})(/." 

The  change  of  "?i"  into  "^,''  by  the  French,  is  frequent 
in  Indian  names. 

Gree7i  Bay. — Marquette  called  it  ''''Bay  of  the  Fetid  'y  " 
Hennepin  and  Menibre  did  th(.'  same.  Mar(|uette  says  the 
Indians  called  it  ^^ Salt  Jiay ;''■  St.  Cosme  called  it  ''''Bay  of 
Puants^^''  on  De  L'Isle's  maps,  1700  and  1718,  it  appears 
as  "  Baye  dcs  Puansy 

Mikvaul-ee  /t//;^r.— Mendjrc  calls  it  ^^  Melleokl ;^''  St. 
Cosme  termed  it  "  Melwarik  ;  "  on  Do  L'Isle's  map,  of  171 S, 
it  is  called  ''  Melleld^' 

Note. — '''•  MlneiO(Uj'^  is  the  Indian  name. 

Fox  Elver  of  Illinois. — Joutel,  on  his  map,  gives  it  "iV 
tescouy"; ''"'  St.  Cosme  calls  it  '•'  Plstrui ;''''  Charlevoix  calls  it 
"  Pisticoui.'''' 

Wisconsin  Ilicer. — Father  Marquette  called  it  the  '''  iVLes- 
consing :''''  Hennepin  quotes  the  Indians  as  calling  it  the 
^^Ouscoiisin^^  or  ^^Misconsin.''^  Mcmbre  called  it  the  ''J\fes- 
coneing  i''^  St.  Cosme,  the  '''■Wesconsin.''^ 

Note. — The  Indian  name  is  "  Wishkosing,^^  the  -'c?"  having 
the  nasal  sound  of  tlie  French  "  oii^ 


"7?. 


ir 


iiiiiiM 


122 


ANNALS    OF    FOltT    MACKINAC. 


COLLECTORS  OF  CUSTOMS,  AT  MACKINAC. 


1801-0  David  Duncan.  184;J-49 

18()()-.l0  Geoiiok  Hoffman.  1849-:)3 

18 U)  IIaukis  II.  Hickman.  185;}-55 

1810-15  Samufcl  AnnoTT.  18o5-()l 

1815-16  William  Gamijle.  1801-07 

1810-18  John  Hooeus.  1807-71 

1818-;}3  Adam  D.  Stewakt.  1871- 

1833-43  Aijkaiiam  Wendell. 


Samuel  K.  IIauino. 
Charles  E.  Avery. 
Alexander  Toll. 
.Tacob  a.  T.  Wendell, 
.ToiiN  W.  :McMatil 
S.  Henry  Laslp:y. 
James  Lasley. 


INDIAN  AGENTS. 


Agents  for  Mackinac  and 

1810-34  Wm,  II.  PuTiiUFF.  1801-05 

1S24-33  George  Boyd.  1805-09 

1833-41  Henry  R,  Schoolcraft.  1809 

1841-45  llonERT  Stuart.  1809-71 

1845-49  Wm.  A.  Hiciimond.  1871 

1849-51  CiLvs  P.  Baucock.  1871-70 

1851-53  liEV  Wm.  Sprague.  1870-82 

1853-57  Henry  C.  Gilbert.  1882-85 

1857-01  Andrew  xM.  Fitch.  1885- 


Vicinity: 

D.  C.  Leach. 
Richard  M.  Smith. 
AVm.  II.  Brockway. 
James  W.  Long. 
Richard  M.  Smith. 
Geoiige  I.  Betts. 
George  W.  Lee. 
Ednvard  p.  Allen. 
Mark  W.  Stevens. 


'ill 


\\ 


MACKINAC  COUNTY,  PROBATE  COURT  JUDGES. 


1823-25  William  II.  Puthuff.  1800-65 

1825-29  Jonathan  N   Bailev.  1805 

1829-33  B.  Hoffman.  1800-73 

1833-40  Michael  Dousman.  1873-77 

1840-44  Bela  Chapman.  1877-79 

1844-48  William  Johnson.  1879-81 

1848-53  Bela  Chapman.  1881-85 

1853-00  Jonathan  P.  King.  1885- 


Bela  Chapman. 
Alexander  Toll. 
Bela  Chapman. 
George  C.  Ketchum. 
George  T.  Wendell. 
Benoni  Lachance. 
Thomas  Ciiamrers. 
Peter  N.  Packard. 


VILLAGK    OIFICKKf 


123 


MACKINAC  Vir;LA(;E,  PUKSIDKNTS. 

Wardens  or  Preside iita  of  the  Ihrouf/h  or  Village  of  Mdckinnc,  since  its 

incorpoKition  in  IS  17: 

W.M.  II.  Pi  TiruFK  ISI!) 


1817-21 
1822 

182;} 

1824-25 

1820 

1827-;K) 

18:J1 

1832-43 

1844 

1845 

1845 

184(} 

1848 


(jiKOllGK  HoYI).  IM,")!)-,"),") 

Wm.   II.  PlITIU|.'K,  185(1 

Michael  Dousman.  18(51 

JoNATirAN  N.  Bailey.  1H72 

Hamkkl  Ammott.  1873 

Edwaud  Biddlk.  is;,") 

Samuel  Aismott.  ls7,i-7'; 

J^DWAUI)  BiDDLE,  1877-81 

Samuel  Aimjott.  1882 

AiJiiAiiAM  Wendell.  18X3-84 

Bela  Ciiai'Max.  1885 

AudUSTL's  Tono.  188(1- 


Bela  Ciiai'man. 
At:(iUsTrs  Tonn. 
Jonathan  I'.  Kino. 
.John  B.  Couchois. 
John  Bi;<  kku. 
Wm.  Madison. 
I)u.  John  U.  Bailey. 

IOdWIN  ('.   (tA-KILL. 
W.M,    P.    PHESION. 

HoiiACE  A.  N.  Todd. 
W.M.  P    Pheston. 
William  Stllivan. 
Wm.  B.  Pheston. 


p()stma8Tp:iis. 


Postmasters  at  Mackinac  since  the  extahlixhmenl  of  (he  Poxl  Ojfice  in  IS  10: 
The  Ojfice  teas  known  as  Mirhiliniiickinac,  until  is. '5. 

1819-22  AuAM  1).  Stewaiit.  isiU-Ofj 

1822-25  John  W.  Mason.  18(i(i-(i7 

1825-29  Jonathan  N.  Bailey.*     1807-77 

1829-4!)  Jonathan  P.  Kin(^.  1877-81) 

184!)-5:5  James  H.  Cook.  1880-85 

1853-51)  Jonathan  P.  King.  1885- 

1859-01  John  Jjiddle. 


James  Lasley. 
John  Becker. 
jA>rEs  Lasley. 
(rEoiioE  C.  Ketchum. 
James  Lasley. 
James  Gallagheh. 


*Firiit  Postmastei"  at  Chicago.        Appointed  Marcli  ''jlst,  is:!l. 

The  first  post-offlec  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantie  wiis  established  by 
Gov.  Lovelace,  at  New  Yurie,  in  1072. 


1818-21 
1822-24 
1825-40 
1847-52 
53-51 


MACKINAC  COUNTY,  CLERKS. 

Clerks  of  the  County  from  its  organlz?Mon  in  ISlS: 

Thomas  Lyon.  1855-58  John  Beckeu. 

F.  HiNCKMAN.  1859-03  Wm.  M.  Johnston. 

Jonathan  P.  King.  1804  Chakles  O'M alley. 

1-.  C.  Kevan.  1805-80  John  Biddle. 

Wm.  M.  Johnston.  1880-  Michael  Hoban. 


iiiiiiiiMiiwnrflmiit'rii 


i  .! 


y^ 

1 

I 


THE  GIANT  FAIRIES. 


Loii«^  years  hofore  tliu  wliito  man  ('aiinj  into  these  re^'ions, 
many  fairies  lived  here,  rollicking  fairies,  who  hini^Hied  and 
thmeed  and  snii^-  their  lives  away. 

Every  llower  and  bnsh  and  tree,  every  rock  and  hill  and 
glen,  was  thiekly  pjopled  with  these  eanny  folk,  and  on 
moonlight  nights  all  the  Indians  in  their  wigwams  sat  in 
breathless  attention — 

Then  they  liear,  now  sweet  and  low, 

Sounds  as  of  u  distant  lyre, 

'I'ouciuMl  by  fairy  hands' so  li^ht 

That  the  trembling  tones  scarce  are  heard. 


What  the  music  none  can  tell, 
So  unearthly  and  so  pure, — 
But  it  seems  as  if  the  notes 
Loosened  all  the  nia'jfi(!  sounds 
Held  within  the  tinkliuL,^  g'"asSj  — 
In  the  mosses  and  the  ferns, 
In  the  vines  which  climb  and  creep, 
In  the  ilowcrs  of  every  hue, — 
In  the  heavy'fohh'd  rose, 
In  the  violets  at  its  feet, 
In  the  hly's  gentle  swing. 

Sweeping  o'er  the  lonely  streams, 
Thi-ough  the  sands  on  deserts  low, 
riirongh  the  snows  on  mountains  \\\cr]\^ 
riirough  the  flowers  on  the  ])lains, 
riirough  the  sylvan  shady  bowers, 
riirough  the  forests  dark  and  hoar. 
Through  the  lofty  oaks  and  elms. 


T 
T 
T 


giBiiLiiirBiffiiiiia'ifiim  mi  ir iiMnwii' 


126 


ANNALS    OF   FORT   MACKINAO. 


1  it 


Through  the  leaves  of  tulip  trees, 
Through  catalpas,  white  with  bloom, 
Through  magnolias  kingly  crowned, 
Through  the  poplars,  amber  sweet, 
Through  the  towering  cypresses, 
Pendant  with  the  gray  old  mosses. 
Patriarchs  of  the  lowlier  tribes. 
With  the  sound  of  laughing  brooks, 
And  the  notes  of  singing  birds  ; 
Softened  by  the  cooing  dove. 
By  the  plover's  gentle  dip. 
By  the  lonely,  limpid  rills, 
By  the  silence,  deep,  profound, 
Resting  o'er  the  wilderness. 

With  the  thunder's  distant  roar, 
Rolling,  rumbling  through  the  sky, 
Over  mountains,  hills,  and  plains, 
Over  rivers,  lakes,  and  seas; 
Chiming  with  the  overture 
In  its  massive  undertones. 
Mellowing,  melting  all  its  chords 
Into  dulcet  harmonies; 
Into  dirge-like  requiems; 
Into  rhythmic  symphonies; 
Gathering  all  the  breath  of  song 
In  its  weird  and  wavward  moods: 
In  its  plaintive,  touching  strains; 
In  its  playful  laughing  trills; 
In  its  wild  and  fearful  tones; 
Trancing  all  the  insect  tribes, 
IJid  in  thicket,  bush,  and  grove; — 
Butterflies,  of  every  hue, 
]3ees,  of  wondrous  skill  and  lore; 
Beetles,  puzzled,  lost,  and  wild; 
Mites  and  emmets,  flies  and  gnats, 
INfaddened,  ravish  oil,  tilled  with  joy, — 
Frenzied  with  the  flush  of  sono-. 


THE    GIAJS'T    FAIRIES. 


12: 


II 


Birds,  in  forest,  tree,  and  copse, 
In  the  jungle,  in  the  grass, 
Near  the  lonely  stream  and  lake, 
On  the  wing  in  winding  Hocks, 
Wildered  with  the  rajiturous  sounds, 
Pause  to  listen,  still  atid  mute, 
Till  the  tcm})est  rushes  past, — 

O,  the  music. !  O,  the  sweet! 
Breathing  fragrance,  breathing  song, 
Mingling  all  of  earth  an<l  air 
'I'hat  cm  charm  the  wakened  sense. 
Thus  with  odors  rich  and  rare, 
JMusic  lent  its  magic  j)ower, 
Dirge  and  requiem,  ditty,  lay, 
Fugue  and  march,  and  waltz  and  hymn 
Silver-toned,  euphonious,  grave; 
Chimes  of  measured  step  and  grace, 
Didcet  strains  of  sweetest  rhythm, 
Ovei'tures  of  matchless  sweep, — 
All  that  fills  the  hungry  air. 
All  that  wakes  the  sleeping  seiise, 
Blending  with  the  vii-gin  soil; 
With  the  cree})ing  juniper, 
Witli  the  cedar  and  the  ])ine. 
With  the  rich  magnol'.a's  bloora, 
AVitli  the  jasmine  and  the  grape, 
With  the  scent  of  early  fruits; — 
8ucli  tlie  music,  such  the  air, 
Sweeping  westwai'd  o'er  the  lakes, 
iSiic/i, — tlie  Isle  of  Mackinac. 


It  was  upon  the  eastern  rock-boniid  sliorc  that  the 
giant  fairies  most  loved  to  congregate.  There  tliey  skipped 
up  and  down  their  famous  stairway,  and,  flinging  themselves 
into  the  water,  would  disappear  in  its  depths,  perhaps  to  rise 
again  on  the  back  vof  some  imniense  stnrgeon  or  whitefish, 
tiie  reindeer  of  the  lakes,  for  a  race  through,  the  sparkling 
water. 


J& 


mmmm 


,.....^. — „.,..,„ — „. — 


128 


ANNALS    OF   FORT   MACKINAC. 


These  genii  lived  in  the  many  caves  in  the  rocks.     In  the 
deptlis  of  their  quiet  homes  were — 

Tables,  crowned  with  daintiest  food, 
Wine  of  berries,  rich  and  sweet  ; 
Beds  of  eider-down  and  moss; 
Chambers,  opening  to  tlio  sea, 
Filled  with  sparkling  stalactites  ; 
Rubies  brip;ht,  and  amethysts, 
Diamonds  flashing,  filled  with  light; 
Marble  halls  and  palaces  ; 
Corridors,  of  awful  length. 
Stretching  westward  toward  the  sun, 
Openinuj  into  distant  halls, 
AVilderino:  to  the  achinoj  sicfht. 
Wide  the  pavements  covered  o'er 
With  the  shells  of  every  hue  ; 
Lichens  green,  and  red,  and  white, 
S})reading  wider,  flush  and  fair, 
S])rinkled  with  the  aureate  dust 
Found  within  their  hidden  caves. 


S 


Their  favorite  dancing  place  was  the  plateau  just  below 
"^vhere  the  fort  now  stands,  and  the  entrance  to  their  subter- 
ranean abode  was  nnder  the  immense  rock  that  supports  one 
of  the  corners  of  the  wall. 

Here  their  mystic  ring  was  ke])t,  and  on  moonlight  nights 
they  gathered  from  far  and  near — 

At  twilicjlit  on  the  lonelv  Isle, 
'Mid  the  rustling  of  the  leaves, 
And  the  chirp  of  dainty  birds, 
And  the  notes  of  whip-poor-wills, — 
Oft  was  heard  the  mvstic  dance 
Of  Giant  Fairies,  lithe  of  step, 
Moving  in  their  sinuous  sweep 
To  the  sounds  of  lute  and  strinij. 
Now,  where  the  ripplinj^  waters  play, 
Or  on  the  billow's  gentle  swell, 
Laughing,  rollicking  and  free. 


) 


w 
le 

its 


THE   GIANT   FAIRIES. 

Or  clambering  Donan's  Obelisk, 
With  towering  leap  and  sportive  romp, 
AVitli  heyday  pranks,  and  leer,  and  jest, 
Tiiey  reel,  and  minuet,  and  waltz, 
111  wassail  mirtli  and  jollity. 
Upon  Ledyard's  lofty  Cliffs  they  perch, 
In  graceful  curves  they  reach  the  Aucu 
That  hangs  upon  the  eastern  shore, — 
Now  gently  trij)ping  round  its  base, 
They  climb  upon  its  rugged  sides, 
And  sweeping  o'er  its  dizzy  height, 
With  rapid  flight  ajid  easy  grace, 
They  move  around  the  Pyramid, 
And  ])eep  within  its  secret  caves. 
Or  stand  upon  its  star-lit  shaft; — 
And  then,  away,  away,  away, 
They  sweep  around  the  grand  plateau 
That  sits  enthroned  upon  the  Isle; — 
Within  Skull  Cave  they  barely  peep, 
IlL(;r.LEs'  Pjllak,  they  lightly  touch. 
To  Whitney's  Point,  thev  hie  awav. 
Thence,  the  Lover's  Leaf  they  climb. 

Here  the  tramj)ing  feet  were  heard 
Of  the  Pe-(piod-e-nonge  dance. 
When  the  o;aihering  warriors  came 
Plumed  and  ])ainted  for  the  fight; — 
And  the  startling  veil  was  heard 
O'er  the  Island — o'er  the  straits, 
O'er  the  waters,  deep  and  clear, 
O'e  '  the  Huron  and  its  '^hores, 
O'er  the  breezy  Michigan; 


129 


m  i 


ij). 


Suddenly  La  Salle's  morning  gun  from  the  "  Griffon  "  rang 
out  on  the  breeze  and  echoed  and  re-echoed  with  uianv  re- 
verberations from  the  adjacent  shores. 

With  liorrible  shrieks  and  cries  and  groans  they  flew  from 
all  parts  of  the  island,  and  entering  their  cave  disappeared 
evermore  froin  mortal  view. 


A^^j:--'r^"-<mp»r' 


r««i 


tsammm 


130 


ANXALS    OF    FORT   MACKINAO. 


Reluctantly  they  left  the  Isle 
When  the  "  pale  faces  "  touched  upon 
Their  native  Avaters,  rocks,  and  hills; — 
I'ar  only  will  they  deign  to  dwell 
Where  the  wild  hunter  seeks  his  food 
And  claims  the  forest  all  his  own. 

I  sing  of  the  fairies  fled, 

I  know  not  where  they  are, 
AVhether  living,  dying,  or  dead. 

On  the  earth,  or  some  distant  star. 
In  the  hollow  wastes,  or  the  vacant  caves. 

In  the  shadowy,  dreamless  land. 
Where  the  river  of  Lethe  gently  laves 

Its  footless  and  dusky  sand, — 
Far,  far  away  is  the  spectral  band. 

Over  the  silent  moor. 

Over  the  secret  dell, 
Over  the  waters  fresh  and  pure 

With  music's  magic  s])ell. 
Hither  and  thither  they  went, 

Now  rapid,  or  grave,  or  slow, 
Till  the  drowsy  hours  were  spent 

And  the  morning  began  to  glow. 
But  we  see  them  now  no  more, 

Vv^e  hear  them  not  at  even, 
By  river,  or  lake,  or  lonely  shore, 

Beneath  the  western  heaven. 


And  thus  have  the  fairies  left  our  shore, 
Their  beautiful  forms  we  shall  see  no  more; 
The  caves  are  forsaken,  the  mountain  and  plain, 
Our  Island  home  shall  greet  them — never  again, 


PKIKSTS. 


131 


PKIESTS. 


.If'  I 


TIic  followiiio:  Priests  of  the  Eoinan  Catholic  Chiircli  have 
served  at  Michilliuaekinac : 

The  dates  opposite  their  names  indicate  tiie  first  and  last 
year  of  their  stay ;  or,  as  the  case  may  be,  of  their  visits ; 
for  many  of  them  made  only  occasional  visits,  having  other 
parishes,  or  missions,  in  their  charge.  Their  names  arc 
marked  thus  ■^. 

The  first  clmrch  on  the  main  land,  north  of  the  Strait, 
was  bnilt  in  IGTl ;  the  second  about  1674;  burnt  in  1700. 

The  present  church  ^vas  built  in  1838. 

The  first  church  on  the  main  land,  south  of  the  Strait,  was 
built  about  1712,  when  the  post  was  re-established;  the 
second,  about  1741. 

The  first  church  on  the  island  was  built  about  1785.  It 
occupied  a  part  of  the  old  cemetery  on  Astor  street.  The 
second  was  erected  in  1827,  on  the  site  of  the  present  one, 
on  land  donated  by  Mrs.  Magdalene  Laframboise. 

The  present  building  was  erected  in  1873. 

Beneath  the  altar  are  the  graves  of  Mrs.  Magdalene 
Laframboise,  her  only  daughter,  and  grandson,  Langdon 
Pierce  (wife  and  son  of  Capt.  LJenjamin  K.  Pierce,  U.  S.  A.). 
On  the  marllo  slabs  over  their  graves  are  tlie  following 
inscriptions : 

"Magdalene  Laframboise,  died  April  14th,  184G,  aged  GG  years." 
"  JosEPniNE  Pierce,  died  November  24th,  18'20." 


■1L 


i>' 


In  "Ancient  MicniLiMACKiNc\c''  (St.  Ignace). 

IGTO.  Kcv.  Father  Dablon,  S.  J.  (or  possibly  Marquette.) 

1G71-73.     Rev.  Father  James  ISIarquette,  S.  J. 
1G73  (?)     Rev.  Father  Philip  Pierson,  S.  J. 


■132 


ANNALS    OF    FORT    MACKINAC. 


1674  (?)     Rev.  Father  Henry  Nouvel,  S.  J. 

1677  (?)     Rev.  Father  J.  Enjah-an,  S.  J. 

1680-81.     Rev.  Father  Louis  Ileuncpin,  Franciscan.* 

16??  (?)      Rev.  Father  De  Carheil,  S.  J. 

16??-170G.     Rev.  Father  J.  Marest,  S.  J. 


In  "  Old  Mackinac  "  (Lower  Michigan). 

1708  (?)  Rev.  Father  J.  Marest,  S.  J. 

1741-52.  Rev.  Father  J.  B.  Lamorinie,  S.  J.* 

1741-65.  Rev.  Fatlier  Du  Jaunay,  S.  J. 

1742-44.  Rev.  Father  C.  G.  Coquarz,  S.  J.* 

1753-61.  Rev.  Father  M.  L.  Lcfrane.  S.  J. 

1768-75.  Rev.  Father  Gibault,  Vic-Gen.  of  Illinois.* 


On  the  Island  and  in  Modern  St.  Ignace. 

1786-87.     Rev.  Fatlicr  Payet,  of  Illinois.* 

1794.  Rev.  Father  Ledru,  Dominican,  of  France.* 

1796.  Rev.  Father  Levadoux,  of  Detroit,  Vic -Gen.  of  the  Bishop 

of  Baltimore.* 
1799-1823.     Rev.  Father  G.  Richard,  Curate  of  St.  Ann,  Detroit,  and 

Vicar-Geiicral.* 
1801.  Rev.  Father  J.  Dilhet.* 

1816-18.     Rev.  Father  Joseph  Crevier,  of  Canada.* 
1825-27.     Rev.  Father  Francis  Vincent  Badin  of  St.  Joseph's.* 
1827-30.     Rev.  P.  J.  De  Jean,  of  Little  Traverse  Bay.* 
1839-31.     Rt.  Rev.  Edward  Fenwick,  Bishop  of  Cincinnati.* 
1830.  Rev.  Father  Mallon,  of  Cincinnati. 

1830-33.     Rev.  Father  Samuel  iNIazzuchelli,  Dominican. 
1830-38.     Rev.  Father  Frederic  Rese,  Vic. -Gen.  of  Cincinnati,  Bishop 

of  Detroit,  1834.* 
1831-05.     Rev.    Father    Frederic    Baraga,    of    Little    Traverse    Bay. 

Afterwards  (1853-68)  Bishop   of    Sault  Ste.   Marie  and 

IMarquettc* 
1833.  Rev.  Father  J.  Lostrie. 

1833-34,     Rev.  Father  Francis  ITatscher,  Redemptorist. 
1838-43.     Rev.  Father  Santi  Santelli. 


PRIKSTS. 


133 


1834-38. 

1843-45. 

1845. 

1845-52. 

184G-74. 

1853. 

1854-57. 

1858-01. 

18G1-G7. 

1808. 

1808-71. 

1809-70. 

1870-71. 

1871. 

1871-79. 

1871-72. 

1872-73. 

1873-80. 

1875-78. 

1878-79. 

1879-81. 

1880-81. 

1880-82. 

1881. 

1881-82. 

1881-82. 

1882-85. 

188:). 

18S:!-84. 

1884- 

1885- 


Rcv.  Fatlier  F.  J.  Ronducl. 

Rev.  Fiithcr  C.  Skolla.  Franciscan. 

Rev.  Fatlier  II.  Viui  RontxTghein. 

Rt.  Rev.  P.  Lefevro,  Bishop  of  Detroit.* 

Rev.  Father  A.  D.  Piret,  retired  to  "  Clienan.x,"  1R70. 

Rev.  Fatlier  Francis  Pierz.  of  Little  Traverse  Day.*  ' 

Rev.  Father  E.  L.  :M.  Jahan. 

Rev.  Father  Patrick  B.  Murray. 

Rev.  Father  Henry  D.  Thiele  (two  terms). 

Rev.  Father  Charles  :\Iairne. 

Rev.  Father  :\raithias  Ortli. 

Rev.  Father  Philip  S.  Zorn,  of  Grand  Traverse  Bay,* 

Rev.  Father  Kicolas  L.  SilTerath,  of  Cross  Villa-. .'^^ 

Rev.  Father  Charles  Vary,  S.  J.,  of  Sault  8te.  Marie.* 

Rt.  Rev.  Ignatius  ^Mrak,  Bishop  of  ilarquette.* 

Rev.  Father!;.  B.  Leb(;ac. 

Rev.  Father  :Moses  :\Iainville. 

Rev.  Father  Edward  Jackcr. 

Rev.  Father  William  Dwyer. 

Rev.  Father  .John  Braun. 

Rev.  Father  -John  C.  Kenny. 

Rev.  Father  C.  A.  Richard. 

Rt.  Rev.  John  Yertin,  Bishop  of  Marquette* 

Rev.  Father  Bonaventure  Frey,  Prov.  Cap.  Ordcr.^ 

Rev.  Father  Kilian  Haas,  O.  M.  Cap. 

Rev.  Father  Isidoie  Handtmanu,  O.  :\I.  Cap. 

Rev.  Father  John  Chebul. 

Rev.  Father  Joseph  Niebling. 

Rev.  Father  P.  G.  Tobin. 

Rev.  Father  William  Dwyer. 

Rev.  Father  Francis  Xav.  Becker. 


$ 


id 


ftimtiittmmimm'  •  n-in 


■giMa 


LEGEND   OF   MISIIi:sl-MAKlNAC. 


In  •• 
Ok) 


% 


LEGEND  OF  "MISTIINI-MAKINAK." 

Note  : — Tliere  is  a  tradition  that  many  centuries  aL';o  while 
a  party  of  Indians  were  standinf^  on  tlio  blui^  wlicre  St. 
Ignacc  is  now  located,  and  looking  out  over  the  straits 
they  saw  the  present  Island  of  Mackinac  rising  out  of  the 
water,  and  heliving  it  was  some  anitnal,  from  its  movements 
and  shape  they  pronounced  it  to  be  a  turtle. 

The  Island  was  known  to  the  early  French  visitors  as 
"Michilimackinac:"  popular  tradition  says  that  the  meaning 
of  the  word  is  "  Giant  Turtle." 

In  the  Ojibwa  dialect  as  now  spoken,  "Mishimikinak" 
siarnifies  "  Bis;  Turtle." 

Edisoked. — A  story  teller;  one  who  repeats  and  hands 
down  the  tales  of  ISIena-bosho  and  other  kindred  legendary 

lore. 

Eh  hell !  Eh  heh !— is  the  usual  refrain  of  Tndia!i  magic 

songs. 


Where  the  restless  currents  of  Michigan 
The  twin-born  Huron  embrace, 

Along  the  headland  t^ere  sat  a  clan 
Of  the  wild  Ojibwa  race. 

In  the  noontide  calm,  on  the  sleepy  sliorc, 
Reposed  the  lords  of  the  land, 

While  the  story-teller's  mystic  lore 
Beguiled  the  simi)le  band. 

Thus  spake  the  prattling  Edisoked;— 
"A  wigwam  stands  in  the  deep; 

Enchanted  lies  in  the  channel's  bed 
The  Giant  Turtle  asleep. 


Jh 


■  'i„<^i!li,-*-i»^j. 


MMM 


136 


ANNALS    OF   FORT    MACKINAO. 


Aronnd  him  paddle  wliitelisli  and  trout, 

Tlie  slow  worm  cree])inuj  i^o^'^j 
The  sea-gull's  scream  and  the  rover's  shout 

J3rcak  not  his  charmed  rej)()se. 

Rise  up,  rise  uj),    O  Turtle  grey; 

Rise  up,  thou  chief  of  the  lake, 
Thy  cousins  call  thee, — eh  heh!  eh  heh! 

Enchanted  Tuutlk,  awake!" 

The  lake  lay  calm  and  the  wind  was  hush'd, 

But  lo!  there  rose  a  swell; 
The  surges  over  the  pebbles  rushed — 

The  song  had  broken  the  spell. 

It  heaves;  it  eddies.     Alack!  Alack! 

The  breakers  tower  and  fall; 
Unwieldy  IMisiiim-makixak 

Toils  up  to  answer  the  call. 

Already  whitens  the  iiood  mid-way 

I'wixt  shore  and  shore.     On  the  strand, 

Along  the  he;idland,  in  blank  dismay 
The  brown  Ojibwa  stand. 

And  slowly,  softly  the  rounded  back 
Emerging  meets  the  eye, 

Till  all  of  AllSIIINl-MAKIXAK 

Lies  basking  'neath  the  sky. 

He  floats,  a  mammoth  in  turtle  shape. 

An  overturned  bowl,  the  back; 
The  draggin<r  tail  a  fleshy  cape, 

The  jowl  a  headland  black. 

The  mighty  shell  like  an  island  lies. 

At  anchor  out  in  the  lake. 
*Tis  not  an  isle.     O  strange  surprise! 
'Tis  the  Chief  uncharmed,  awake! 

Unmoved,  alike,  by  the  billow's  sweep, 
By  the  tempest's  battering  shock. 

Severe  and  calm  in  the  azure  deep, 
He  stands  a  towering  rock. 


LEGEND    OF    MiSIFINI-MAKINAK. 


13' 


rovviiiiig  lorm 


f( 


But  alort  witliin  that  f 

Tho  spii'it  l)litlK'  atul  gay. 
With  fairy  spriti'S,  tliat  'roiiiul  him  swarm, 

Cumiiuuies  hy  niglit  and  day. 

Tho  dappled  trout  aud  the  .vlutt'llsh  come 

L^p-hikc,  down  over  the  Falls; 
His  ehildren  aii  irum  their  silent  home 

To  the  gay  earouse  h(^  calls. 

The  Ued  M:u\ — eager  vet  doubtfid,  while 

The  silver  tide  runs  j)ast, 
Enticed,  bewitched,  to  the  magic  isle 

lUs  birch  bark  })a(blles  at  last. 

And  one  tliere  comes  in  robe  of  black, 

With  face  so  sweet  and  grave. 
That  frowning  jVIisiuni-makinak 

Smiles  on  him  from  the  wave. 

W^ith  toihvorn  feet,  a  pilgrim  quaint, 

The  holy  cross  in  his  liand 
From  l<i  belle  Frdiice  he  comes,  good  saint, 

To  sleej)  on  the  pebbly  strand. 

And  over  the  waves  as  the  chief  grows  old, 

Tn  storm  or  sunshine  gay, 
The  LiLV,  Liox  and  Eaci.k  bold 

Their  homage  come  to  ])ay. 

On  hoary  Mfsmixi-makinak 

Their  several  flags  unfurl, 
While  wrestling,  each  from  the  giant's  back 

The  other  seeks  to  liurl. 

Oh!  sure  is  the  flight  to  the  mother  beo 
Of  the  humming  swarms  of  the  hive; 

But  surer,  swifter,  from  land  and  sea. 
The  Chieftain's  vassals  arrive. 

From  prairies  far  and  their  burning  heat, 

From  Hudson's  shivering  bay; 
From  the  western  peaks,  at  the  Giant's  feet 

They  flock  their  wealth  to  lay. 


-f^'W***!-, 


138 


ANNALS    OF    I'OUr    MACKINAC. 


The  skiir,  tlic  lii;Iif  c'liioc,  thn  stnack, 
Tile  nu'rcliiiiit's  sliip  in  tlioir  wake, 

All  Ijoimd  lor  MisiiiNi-MAKiXAiv 
Are|»lo\ving  river  and  lake. 

Britrht,  broken  drerui!  It  calls  not  back 

'I'hiit  gay  cliivulric  time: — 
Wilt  t/ioii  still  honor  old  ATakinak, 

Age  of  the  dollar  and  dime? 

Behold  the  answei'!  Do  not  these  things 

Arabian  marvels  eclipse? 
On  comes — on  cotnes, — as  on  eagle's  wings, 

A  ileet  of  wingless  sliips  ! 

With  ])anting  bosom, — with  splashing  gait, 

AVith  dull  monotonous  roar, 
They  come, —  their  frolicsome  human  freight 

In  the  Sorce-er's  laj)  to  pour. 

There  ail,  in  sweet  oblivion  lost, 

(The  toucli  of  witchery's  wand) 
Their  ailments  oiTer  a  liolocaust 

At  Giant  Tuktle's  command. 


.*4. 


MACKIXAC    ISLAND. —  LAKK    NAVIGATION. 


13i) 


MACKIXAC  ISLAND. 

Ileiglit  abov<i  th^  Straits 
of  Maukiiiac. 

Fort  Mnokinao— PivnuU" 150  fcot. 

Fort  Holmes— Plat lurin ;}:{()  " 

Top  of  IVrainid  Kock 28:)  " 

Donaii'.s  Obelisk i;{.">  " 

Ilobertson's  Folly 12:s  " 

Hi,^'hcst  Point  of  Arch  Hock loO  " 

Top  of  Arch 1  10  " 

Ikittrcss  fuciiig  lake  at  Arcli  Rock  110  " 

liover's  Leap 145  " 

Lower  Plateau  of  Island 150  " 

Upper  Plateau  of  Island 295  " 


LAKE   NAVKiATION. 


DlSTANCKS  FIIO.M   MACKrNAC   IsL.VND   BY   WaTEU. 

{Steiimboat  Routes.) 


Miles. 

Alpona 125 

Ashland,  L.  S 570 

Bayfield,  L.  S 585 

Beaver  Islands 45 

IJois  Blanc  Island 3 

Cheboygan,  iMicli 18 

Chenaux  Islands 15 

Chicago o75 

Cross  Village ^0 

Detour 40 

Detroit 370 

Dululh,  L.  S 075 

Eagle  Harbor,  L.  S 425 

Eagle  River,  L.  S 435 

Grand  Island,  L.  S 225 


Miles. 

Ilarrisville 155 

L'Anse 335 

Mackinaw  City 7 

Marquette,  L.  S 2(J0 

Milwaukee 2!)0 

Ontonagon,  L.  S 495 

Oscoda 175 

Petoskey Of^ 

Port  Huron 300 

Portage  Lake.  L.  S  3U0 

Round  Island 1 

Sand  Beach 235 

Sault  Stc.  Marie 90 

St.  Ignace 5 

Traverse  City 120 


^iTiiaiiiaiHnW^^ 


iSkiwnH 


140 


ANNALS    OF    FORT   MACKINAC. 


SUMMER  AND   \VINTER. 


The  Maximum  and  Minimum  temperature  at  7  A.  M.  at  Fovt  Mackinac, 
during  the  suuuners  and  "winters  spccilied— from  observations  taken 
with  a  Fahrenheit  thermometer. 


Summer 
of 


DepT.  aliove 
Zero. 


185.") September  8 o7 

185G July  2(j 7") 

1857 .July  20 75 

1858 xVugust  13 74 

1859 July  i:{ 70 

1800 August  3 

1808 Julv  17 


1809 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 


Au'^  1st  2. 
Juiv  IS.. 


,  August 


.09 

.79 
.G(; 
.'39 
.75 


...July  2 74 

...July  2.! 73 

1874 September  12 71 

1875 September  1 OS 

1S7G August  14 74 

1877 July  28 77 

1878 August  9 70 

1879 July  15 75 

1880 xVugust  8  09 

1831 September  5 78 

1883 :uiy  25 ...VI 

1883 August  18 GO 

1884 June  27 74 

1885 Iulv8 


Winter 
of 

1855-0 IMaroh  9, 

1858-9 January  9, 

1859-00 January  3^ 

1800-1 February  7, 

1807-8 February  37, 

1803-9 March  4", 

1809-70....  I^ebruary  21. 

1870-1 Februuy  5, 

1871-2 Dec.  20, 

1872-3 February  23, 

1873-4 January  30, 

1874-5 February  9, 

1875-0 Februarys, 

1870-7 January  12, 

1877-8 January  7. 

1878-9 February  27, 

1879-80....  February  1. 

18S0-1 January  14, 

1831-2 January  23, 

1882-3 .January  22, 

1883-4 January  24. 

1884-5 January  37, 

1885-0 February  3, 


Dejr.  below 
Zero. 

1850.... 19 

1859  . 

.25 

1800. . 

.10 

1801.. 

.24 

1808. . 

.24 

1809. . 

.10 

1870.. 

.10 

1871.. 

.13 

1871.. 

.14 

1873.. 

.17 

1874.. 

.10 

1875.. 

.24 

1870.. 

.17 

1877.. 

..14 

1878.. 

8 

1879  . 

20 

1880. . 

..8 

1881.. 

00 

1383.. 

.18 

1883.. 

.10 

1884. . 
1885. . 

.18 
.33 

1880. . 

.24 

72 


NAVI'.iATION. — DISTANCES  FROM  ST.  IGNACE. 


NAYIGATION"  — STRAITS  OF  MACKINAC. 


141 


iil 


11} 


ackinac,                | 

us  takeu               > 

Deg:.  below                  | 

Zero 

! 

m... 

.19 

359  .. 

.25 

BOO. . . 

.10 

801... 

.24 

808.. 

.24 

809.. 

.10 

870.. 

.10 

871.. 

..13 

871.. 

..14 

873. . 

..17 

874.. 

..10 

1875.. 

.  .24               1 

1870.. 

..17               I 

1877.. 

..14              \ 

1878.. 

...8 

1879  . 

.  20 

1880. 

...8 

1881. 

.  .23 

1883 . 

...18 

188;',. 

...10 

1884. 

...18 

1885. 

. . .32               ^ 

1880. 

...24 

Arrival  op  First  Ste.\mboa.t  at  Mackinac  Island. 


1854 April  25 

1855 

1850 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1800..    


May 

1 

May 

2 

May 

1 

April 

0 

April 

4 

April  10 

1801 April  25 

1802 April  18 

1803 April  17 

1804 April  23 

1805 April  21 

1800 April  29 

1807 April  23 


1870 April   3 

1871 April   3 

1872 April  25 

1873 April  30 

1874 April  29 

1875 May     5 

1870 April  22 

1877 April  20 

1878 (No  record.) 

1879 April  22 

1880 April   3 

1881 May     3 

1882 March  9 

1883 April  21 


1808 April  19   1884 April  18 


1809 April  23 


1880. 


.May  1 


DISTANCES   FROn   ST.  IGNACE,  MICH. 
YIA  — D.,  M.   &  MARQUETTE   R.   R. 


Newberr}, 

Seuey, 

Munising, 

Au  Train, 

Marquette, 

Ncgauuee, 

Isliperaiug, 


Mich. 


Miles 

.  54 

.  75 

.  108 

.  121 

.  150 

.  102 

.  105 


Republic, 

L'Ause. 

Haucock, 

lloughtou, 

Caluuiet, 

Lake  Liudcn, 


Mich. 


185 
213 
244 
244 
257 
207 


I 


U2 


ANNALS   OF   FORT    MACKINAC. 


DISTANCES    FEOM  MACKINAW  CITY, 
VIA— MICH.   CENTRAL  R.  R. 


1 


To  Miles. 

Albany,  N.  Y 841 

Battle  Creek,  Mich 340 

Bay  City,  Mich 183 

Beaver  Luke,  Mich 133 

Binghamptou,  K  Y 751 

Boston,  Mass  1043 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 543 

Cheboygan,  Mich 16 

Chicago,  111 505 

Cincinnati.  0 553 

Cleveland,  0 463 

Columbus,  0 474 

Detroit,  Mich 291 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind 395 

Freedom,  Mich 6 

Gaylord,  Mich 63 

Grayling,  Mich 90 

Hagersville,  Ont 463 

Indian  River,  Mich 34 

Indianapolis,  Ind 561 

Jackson,  Mich 295 

Kalamazoo,  Mich 303 

Lansing,  Mich 259 

Louisville,  Ky 663 

Mackinac  Island  (by  water). . .  7 


To  Miles. 

Mullet  Lake,  Mich 23 

New  York,  N.  Y... 983 

Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y 521 

Niagara  Falls,  Ont 517 

Niles,  Mich 411 

Otsego  Lake,  Mich., 71 

Owosso,  Mich 232 

Pinconning,  Mich 163 

Rochester,  N.  Y. 618 

Roscommon,  Mich 105 

St.  Helen's,  Mich 117 

St.  Louis,  Mo 737 

St.  Thomas,  Ont 404 

Saginaw  City,  Mich 196 

Saratoga,  N.  Y 846 

Springfield,  Mass 944 

Standish,  Mich 155 

Summit,  Mich 138 

Suspension  Bridge,  N.  Y 519 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 694 

Toledo,  O 350 

Topinabee,  Mich 29 

Toronto,  Ont 526 

Utica,  N.  Y 746 

Zllwaukee,  Mich 192 


\. 


r 


Miles. 
22 

983 

521 
,  517 
.  411 
.   71 
.  232 
.  163 
.  613 
.  105 
.  117 
.  737 
.  404 
.  196 
.  846 
.  944 
,.  155 
..  138 
..  519 
. .  694 
. .  350 
. .   29 
. .  526 
..  746 
..  192 


MACK  [MAC  IbLANU  6L.MMiai  KE60\iT  ASSOCIATION.  143 


MACKIXAC  rSLAXD  SUMMER  RESORT 
ASSOCIATION. 


[Ion.  F.  B.  Stock l)ri(lge, 
Col.  Gurdon  S.  llubbanl, 
Edwin  F.  Sweet, 
Theodore  P.  Sheldon, 
Col.  AV.  II.  McCourtie, 


OFFICERS. 

Kalamazoo,  Mich. 
Chicago,  111. 
Grand  Kapids,  Midi. 
Kalamazoo,  Mich. 
Kalamazoo,  Mich. 


Prcj^ident. 
1st  Vice-Pres. 
2d  Vice-Pres. 

Treasurer. 
Secretary. 


TJie  foUowiiio-  iiieinbcrs  of  the  Association  have  erected 
Iiaiidsoiue  cottages  on  the  pleasant  plattiau  near  Lover's  Leap. 
The  lirst  cottage  was  bniit  in  18S;j; 


Hon.  Francis  B.  Stockhridge, 

Col.  William  IL  McCourtie, 

Theodore  P.  Sheldon, 

Frank  :M.  Clark, 

Mrs.  H.  G.  Wells, 

George  Stockbridge, 

Mrs.  Amanda  Belden, 

Col.  Gurdon  S.  Hubbard,  (3) 

Otis  R.  Johnson, 

Charles  W.  Caskey,  (2) 

Dr.  D.  C.  Holliday 

Rt.  Rev.  Samuel  S.  Harris,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 

Hon.  Hugh  ]\IcCurdy, 

William  J.  Stuart, 

Edwin  F   Sweet, 

William  F.  Bulkley, 


Kalamiizoo,  ^lich. 


Chicago,  111. 
Racine,  Wis. 
Harbor  Springs,  Mich. 
New  Orleans,  La. 
Detroit,  Mich. 
Corunna,  Mich. 
Grand  Kapids,  Mich. 


<< 


There  is  also  a  good  Club  Tlonse  on  the  grounds,  for  th.e 
convenience  of  the  residents. 


144 


ANNALS    OF    FORT   MACKINAC. 


SUMMER  RESIDENCES. 


Besides  those  mentioned  elsewliere,  the  following  persons 
have  tine  cottaiijes  on  the  Island ; 


Hon.  S.  B.  Grummond,  (2) 

Jiicol)  S.  Fiin-iuid, 

Alauson  Sheley,  Em[. 

Friinklia  S.  Hanson,  Esq.  (3) 

Col.  James  S.  Ricu, 

N.  P.  Harrison, 

Major  Daniel  W.  Whittle 


Detroit  Mich. 


Chicago  111. 


) 


» 


View  of  Fort  Mackinac  from  the  Southwest. 


riAr  oi' 


MICHIGAN. 

EDterL,ln.:cor.lihj.M.,  A,-t-.|T.m.r,.s<  in  J<*SJ  by 
15.  il.  Kkltun.  '    ' 

Scdio,  2  inches  to  1  Mile. 


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Joiin-Jacoi!-A.st()I!  Hocse 

MACKINAC  ISLAND,  MICH. 


f^a^piirtfrs  of  the  Jlincricaii  |ur  iLoiupanij. 

|)ca^(]iiarlcr$  for  Jlrinn  ani)  Haon  (Officers. 

^icabqiiartcrs  of  tiic  italic  naclit  edibs. 


T^IE  ASTOR  HOirSB  is  conmucuf/y  located, 
2S  provided  7oi//i  /^urc  ruiiniiio-  sprino-  icalcr, 
good  rooms,  good  beds,  large  parlors,  plauos,  hllll 
ard  tables,  bath  rooms,  barber's  shop,  large  offiee  and 
reading  room,  fine  verandas,  and  an  observatory 
on  the  main  buildinp: 

Fresh  Milk,  IhUter,  Ilggs,  etc.,  daily  Prom  the 
''Astor  lu^rml' 

Guests  owA-  have  across  to  the  Okkjix.m,  Books 
OF  Tin-:  Old  Amkkican   Fur  Co.mi'a.w. 


THE  LARGEST  II()TKL()\Tll!^:iSLAiNI) 


JAMES  F    CABLE, 


JOHN   R.  BOGAN, 

Cashier. 


Prcprieior. 


i,' 


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.1.    V 


LOOK  OUT!       LOOK  OUT!! 


Call  and  see  Indians  at  Woit  iiialiiii^  Articles  we 


r. 


Indian     Pipes,    Wampum,     War-Clubs,    Tomahawks, 

Scalpmg  Knives,  Scalps,   Indian  Head  Dresses, 

Bcjws  and  Arrows,  etc. 

Eagles'  Feathers,  Bears' Claws,  Arrow  Heads,  Spears, 

Boomerangs,  Snow  Slioes,  Mackinac 

Canes,  etc. 

Porcupine -Quill     and     Sweet -Grass     Work,    Scented 
Table- Mats,   Canoes,    etc. 


Annals  of  Port  Mackinac. 


Price,  2o  Cents. 


By  Mall,  SO  Cents. 


S.  HIGHSTONE 


^ 


^. 


.%'^1^ 


MACKINAO  ISLAND. 


LITTLE  TURTLE. 


m  ^Scirctct  H'C  )T{ciila, 


S  one  of  the  ufreat  tliroiij^'li  liiii-s  to  Sun  Fr.-incisoo,  tlie  tlif- 

f'  Ij  ft'iXMicc  between  it  and  otlicr  routes  being  eliierty  that  it 
enters  California  from  the  soutli western  corner  instead 
of  from  tlie  northern  side.  As  a  matter  of  fuel,  it  is  h'ss  than 
twenty  mik's  further  from  Kansas  Citv  to  San  Francisco  bv 
the  Santa  Fe  tlian  it  is  bv  the  sljortest  route  usimI  bv  anv  other 
line.  Against  tliis  insignificant  fact  of  distance  must  be  i)laued 
another:  that  it  bisects,  so  to  speak,  one  of  the  rarest  climatie 
zones  known  in  this  changeful  country  for  the  |»uri»oses  cf 
pleasant  and  rapid  i-ailroad  travel,  whether  the  journey  be 
made  in  winter  or  sumnnir.  '{"he  Santa  Fe  has  never  had  an 
abandoned  passenger  train:  tliere  is  not  a  snow-shed  (»n  the 
route.  Traversing  high  latitudes,  midsummer  is  exceptionally 
cool,  a  hot  night  being  (piite  uidoiown.  It  is  not  the  country 
of  drifting  snow,  and  the  brilliant  sunshine  of  midwinter,  an 
esj)ecial  feature  of  this  southern  mountain  country,  dissipates 
all  idea  of  storms,  and  renders  impossible  what  most  of  us  con- 
sider actual  (!old.  The  scenery  of  the  Santa  Fe  route  is  not  so 
much  of  the  rugge(l  and  yawning  variety,  as  of  the  simply 
beautiful.  In  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  the  track  at  one  or 
two  points  attains  the  height  of  about  eiglit  thousand  feet,  and 
lies  across  some;  of  the  most  celebrated  scenes  of  the  mountain 
world.  But  for  almost  the  whole  of  the  journey  it  follows  the 
path  of  a  very  ancient,  or  an  e(pially  wonderful  new,  civiliza- 
tion. It  was  the  principal  factor  in  the  second  creation  of  that 
great  state  that  was  a  desert,  and  is  a  garden.  It  traverses  the 
scenes  of  the  southern  half  of  Kansas  for  more  than  four 
hundred  miles.  When  it  enters  Colorado  and  Xew  Mexico  it 
is  to  travel  the  heart  of  the  Spanish  settlement,  amid  all  the 
quaintnesses  for  which  our  brown-faced  citizens  are  remarkable, 
mingled  with  those  of  the  Pueblo  Indians,  by  all  odds  the  most 


^r 


H 


ME-TE-A, 


interesting  specimens  of  tlie  native  American  now  living.  Tlie 
strange  towns,  the  fields,  the  curious  dress  an<l  the  swartliy 
faces,  and  'ill  the  scenes  of  a  life  that  is  as  foreign  as  Japan, 
stand  beside  tlie  track  for  a  day's  journey.  Arizona  and  (Cali- 
fornia present  their  own  peculiar  scenes.  The  lirst  is  the  wide 
realm  of  mountains,  just  coming  under  the  yoke  of  a  new  civil- 
ization while  strewn  with  the  colossal  remains  of  a  very  ancient 
one;  a  land  whose  future  cannot  be  detinitely  foretoKl,  but 
wljicli  is  (bistined  to  be  spotted  with  hercbs  and  set  with  towns, 
and  spiked  with  the  sooty  chimneys  of  smelters.  To  ;i'  .••  lo 
liave  not  yet  known  the  primeval  wilderness,  and  who  "  avt-  -'O 
conception  of  vastness  excej)t  that  given  l)y  the  sea,  the  jv^'ti  -jy 
across  tliis  realm  of  magp.i  .ccnce  and  silence  will  l)e  a  new  sen- 
sation. The  Santa  Fe  route  has  also  its  desert.  As  a  .>C"ne  of 
impressive  desolation,  studded  with  gigantic  cacti  and  tloored 
with  concrete  and  vast  expanses  of  black  and  jagged  lava, 
walled  by  blue  mountains  and  glowing  with  yellow  light,  this 
"desert,"  traversed  at  a  speed  of  forty  miles  an  hour,  is  one  of 
the  most  impi'essive  scenes  of  a  remarkabhi  journey.  The  new 
route  to  Southern  California — being  the  completion  of  the  (-ali- 
fornia  Southern  Road  from  San  Dieg(»,  on  the  coast,  to  a  con- 
nection with  the  Atlantic  and  Pacilic  (Sante  Fe  Route)  at  Bar- 
stow — carries  the  tourist  direct  and  without  cliange  to  San 
Die*^""©.  to  Los  Anixeles,  and  the  coast  resorts  connecting  with 
that  city  by  rail;  to  San  I>ei  naidino,  ( 'olton,  Riverside,  Pomona, 
Pasn<lena,  San  Gabriel,  the  Sierra  JMatlre  \'ill;i,  and  all  })oints 
in  Soiit'nern  California,  running  by  tlie  nearest  way  directly  into 
the  famous  San  Gabriel  Valley.  This  mute  saves  at  least  one 
day  over  the  old  methods  ot  reaching  this  famous  country,  which 
is  offering  now  to  tho''.^ands  of  travelers  its  great,  inducements 
for  escape  from  cold,  benefit  to  health  or  permanent  residence. 


Vice-Prcsid^'Ht,  Gen'l  Pass,  and  Ticket  Ag't, 

TOPKK  \.   KAN.  T0PL:KA,   KAN, 


;l 


it 


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ca 

o 


Are  You  Going  West. 


SOUTH,  OR  SOUTHWEST? 


TO 


Mlssoitri,    Arkaiiscts,    Texas,    Kansas,    Colorado,   J^ew 
Mcvico,    Mexico,    JrizoiKt,,    Jfebraska,     \\  'ijoniing 
Territory ,   Alontana,    Territory ,   Idaho    Terri- 
tory, Utah'  Territory ,  JYevad((.,  California, 
Oregon,   Wash  iiigton    Territory, 


OR 


Anywhere  West  of  the  Mississippi  River, 

Vou  will  find  it  greatly  to  your  interest  to  call  on,  or  address  me,  for 
any  information  regardini;  Rates,   Routes,   Lands,  etc.,  etc. 

Full  and  reliable  information  furnished  free  of  charge. 

iOBERT  SOMERVILLE, 

•  City  PasBenger  and  Ticket  Agent, 

No.  89  South  Clark  Strsel,     caicabo  &  alton  railroab. 

Opposite  Court  ■ou«*. 

CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS. 


■I 


.1    '.'ti 


"  \irALK-:N-THE-WATER." 

Firm  Steamboat  on  Lake  Huron.        At  Mackinac  in  1819. 

Built  in  1818. 


k 


lHg« 


THE  PALATIAL  SIDE-WHEEL  IRON  STEAMEKS, 


CITY  OF  MACKINAC! 


-)  AND  (- 


CITY  OF  ALPENA 


PLY   BETWEEN 

Detroit 

AND  THE  FAMOUS 

Mackinac  Island 

THE  MOST  ATTRA.CTIVE 

SUMMER  RESORT  IN  AMERICA, 

AND  NOW  EASILY  REACHED  IN  A  FEW  HOURS. 

We  cannot  describe  the  fascinations  of  this  wonderful  Island,  the 
residence  of  Mudjeekewis,  the  birthplace  and  hereditary  kingdom 
of  his  son  Hiawatha,  by  Longfellow  made  immortal. 

DAVID  C AFTER,  Gen'l  Manager, 

3DETE.OIT,    ^yCIOHI- 


.a 


Col.  G.  S.  HUBBARD. 
Proprietor  of  Hubbard's  Annex. 


mw'i  ,11  >■  '""wiijiiij'  jii 


^>(LWT{GO  •:•  ^IJTIQHITIES^ 


By  H.  H.  HURLBUT. 

vast  number  of  old  MSS.  Schedules,  Lists  of  Names.  Auio- 
^L'  &''^P^S'  i^ketches  of  eminent  men  and  their  families,  Cele- 
^■^  brated  Indians,  their  Wars  and  Treaties,  Portraits,  Maps 
and  Plates,  all  which,  connected  with  a  racy,  running-  commentary 
from  a  free  and  easy  pen,  make  up  the  body  of  the  work,  and  furnish 
one  of  the  most  entertaining  and  at  the  some  time  valuable  historical 
books  yet  published.  It  is  executed  in  the  best  style  of  typoj^-raphical 
art,  and  best  of  all,  this  great  storehouse  of  historical  and  genealogical 
information  is  rendered  readily  available  by  an  excellent  index,  the  lack 
of  which  has  spoiled  so  many  otherwise  really  valuable  works.- - 
N.  E,  Hist,  and  General  Register. 


THIS  VOLUME  WILL  BE  SENT,  EXPRESS  CHARCxES  PAID. 

TO  THOSE  WHO  MAY  ORDER  IT. 

PRICE,  $7.50  C.  O.  D. 

MISS  HATTIE  P.  HURLBUT, 

No.  44  South  Ann  St., 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


(( 


PREPARING  FOR  THE  PRESS: 

Our  Inland  Seas,  and  Early  Lake  Navigation," 

By   HENRY    H.    HURLBUT, 

Author  of  ''  Chicago  Antiquities." 


TECUMSEH. 


*''»ifiittifm^HmmHmmmmmfHrf'^ ' 


-THEE- 


ST.  IGNACE  REPUBLICAN 

P.  D.  BISSELL,  Editor, 

ST.  IGNACE.  MACKINAC  CO.,  MICH. 


JS  PUBLISHED  every  Saturday  morning  at  St.  Ignaee, 
the  most  southern  point  of  the  Upper  Peninsula 
of  Michigan^  at  the  Straits  terminus  of  the  Detroit, 
Mackinac  and  Marquette  Railroad.  The  Ukwiuacan 
is  a  represent  at  iue  newspaper  of  the  growing  city  of 
St.  Ignack — not  inaptly  termed  the  "Gatkw.w  ^'ity" 
0/ North E UN  Miciikjan — having  for  its  chief  aim  the 
diffusion  of  such  reliable  information  regarding  the 
city  wherein  published,  the  famed  Mackixao  Islaxd 
SrM>rER  Resort,  the  County  of  Mackinac,  and  the 
whole  Upper  Peninsula  region,  as  will  be  of  interest  to 
the  general  reader,  and  contribute  to  the  development 
and  settlement  of  a  section  hitherto  overlooked,  even  by 
the  people  of  our  own  Commonwealth,  which  offers  to 
farmer  and  the  laboring  man,  the  lumberman  and  miner, 
the  tradesman  and  manufacturer,  and  all  conditions  of 
men,  a  most  desirable  field  for  settlement  and  investment. 


ADVERTISING  RATES. 


PKR  INCH  .SPACE. 


Transient  Advertisements,  per  month, 

Six  Months,      .        .      $6  00  \  One  Year,    . 

TERMS. 
Per  Year,      .        .  $2  00  \  Six  Months, 


$2  00 
10  00 

$1  00 


THE  GREAT  PALACE  DINING  CAR  ROUTE. 


OO 


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AND 
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"'-10 

y-(/iVi 

<<UI 

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IkO. 

PULLMAN  PALACE  BUFFET  SLEEPING  CARS. 
PULLMAN  BUFFET  PARLOR  CARS. 


« 


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"^^^K^  &  A^'^'t  3^|Mlr0:M 


NO  CHANGE  OF  CARS  OF  ANY  CLASS 

BEJT^WEBN- - 

CHICAGO  and   P^ANSAS  CITY, 

CHICAGO    ma  ST.   LOUIS,  and 

ST.   LOLIS  nnd   KANSAS  CITY, 


Union  Depots  in  CMcap,  East  St.  Lams,  St,  Louis  and  Kansas  Ciiy. 


NO  OTHER  LINE  RIXS 

Between  CHICAGO  and  K.WSASCITY,  CHICAGO  and  SI'.  LOllS,  and  ST. 

LOUIS  and  KANSAS  CITY.     Meals  ei|ual  lo  tho.se  served  in  any 

First-Class   Hotel,    only  75  cents. 


C^-THE  FINEST  PALACE  RECLINING  CHAIR  CARS 

In  the  world  are  run  in  AH  Throup:h  Trains,  Day  and  NlRht,  Witliout  Clhani^e,  and 

FREE  OF  EXTRA  CHARiU:,     This  is  the  only  line  running  a  sufficient 

number  of  these  Palatial  Cars  in  all  the  1  h rough  Trains  to 

accommodate  all  its  patrons. 


FUIiI.I«EAN  PAZ.ACE  SZ<EBPZNG  CARS, 

Pullman   Palace   Buffet  Sleeping;  Cars, 

and  PULZiMAN   BUFFST   PARZiOR   CARS. 


MIS.SOURI,      AUKANSAS.      TEXA.S,      KANSAS, 


THE  SnORT  LINl  '     Colorado,   >kw  mkxico,   Nebraska, 

TO  AND  FROM 'ARIZONA,       CALIFORNIA,       OREGON,        Etc. 


For  Tickets  and  information  apply  at  any   Coupon  Ticket  Office  in  the  United 
Stales  and  Canada,  or  to 

JAMES  CHARLTON, 

General  Passenger  and  Ticket  A^'t,  aio  Uearlioru  St.,  11,  iir  cur,  Adams  St.,  CHICAGO. 


J.  C.  McMULLIN, 

Vice-rifsid.nt,  CHICAGO. 


C.  II.  CHAPPEIX, 

Ui'iifial  M!ina(?er,  CHICAGO. 


' 


1 


HON.  "WM.  P.  PRESTON, 
President  of  Mackinac. 


' 


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«1W 


ARCH  ROOK. 


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PRICE.   TWENTY-FIVE    CENTS 

By    Mail,   30   Cents. 


rr 


1  NIT  A  LS 


OF 


I 


FOnT  MJlCKIN^C 


BY 


D  WIGHT    H.     KELT  ON. 

CAPTAIN  U.  S.  ARMY. 


WHITNEY    EDITION 
1886. 


JOHN   W.  D 


FOR   SALE    BY 

/.   DAVIS   &   SON,    MACKINAC    ISLAND.   MiCH. 
General  Agents. 


LOUIS  PAULY,  ST.  IGNACE,  Mich. 

lOHN  MACFARLANE.  Detroit,  Mich. 

ROBERT  CLARKE  &  CO.,  Cincinn 


ATI,   0HK\ 


TAMES  W.  MURRAY,  Mackinac  Island. 


I.***" 


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JH?    KlJiJlG  V 


michigaJ 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  '^  ■■> 


ng  to  Ac 
D.  H.  Kklt 

i:'!oaie,  2  inches  ti> 


|maf  ot\ 

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|o  Act  of  ^., 
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inches  tv 


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